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Self-normalized linear tests

Self-normalized linear tests

引用

conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (cvpr)

作者： S. Gangputra D. Geman Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng. Johns Hopkins Univ. Baltimore MD USA Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering The Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD USA

Making decisions based on a linear combination L of features is of course very common in pattern recognition. For distinguishing between two hypotheses or classes, the test is of the form sign (L - /spl tau/) for some threshold /spl tau/. Due mainly to fixing /spl tau/, such tests are sensitive to changes in illumination and other variations in imaging conditions. We propose a special case, a "self-normalized linear test" (SNLT), hard-wired to be of the form sign (L/sub 1/ - L/sub 2/) with unit weights. The basic idea is to "normalize" L/sub 1/, which involves the usual discriminating features, by L/sub 2/, which is composed of non-discriminating features. For a rich variety of features (e.g., based directly on intensity differences), SNLTs are largely invariant to illumination and robust to unexpected background variations. Experiments in face detection are promising: they confirm the expected invariances and out-perform some previous results in a hierarchical framework.

关键词： Automatic testing Lighting Object detection Face detection Degradation Mathematics Statistics pattern recognition Robustness Linear discriminant analysis

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Efficient search of faces from complex line drawings

Efficient search of faces from complex line drawings

引用

conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (cvpr)

作者： Jianzhuang Liu Xiaoou Tang Department of Information Engineering Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China

Single 2D line drawing is a straightforward method to illustrate 3D objects. The faces of an object depicted by a line drawing give very useful information for the reconstruction of its 3D geometry. Each of the two recently proposed methods for face identification from line drawings involves two combinatorial problems. When dealing with complex objects having more faces, the combinatorial explosion prevents these methods from practical uses. This paper proposes a new approach to tackling the face identification problem by a variable-length genetic algorithm (GA) with geometric constraints and a novel heuristic incorporated for local search. The hybrid GA solves the two combinatorial problems simultaneously. Experimental results show that our algorithm can find the faces of a line drawing having more than 30 faces much more efficiently.

关键词： Circuits Face detection Engineering drawings Explosions Genetic algorithms computer vision Information geometry Computational geometry Application software Design automation

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Bayesian video matting using learnt image priors

Bayesian video matting using learnt image priors

引用

conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (cvpr)

作者： N. Apostoloff A. Fitzgibbon Robotics Research Group University of Oxford Oxford UK

Video matting, or layer extraction, is a classic inverse problem in computer vision that involves the extraction of foreground objects, and the alpha mattes that describe their opacity, from a set of images. Modem approaches that work with natural backgrounds often require user-labelled "trimaps" that segment each image into foreground, background and unknown regions. For long sequences, the production of accurate trimaps can be time consuming. In contrast, another class of approach depends on automatic background extraction to automate the process, but existing techniques do not make use of spatiotemporal consistency, and cannot take account of operator hints such as trimaps. This paper presents a method inspired by natural image statistics that cleanly unifies these approaches. A prior is learnt that models the relationship between the spatiotemporal gradients in the image sequence and those in the alpha mattes. This is used in combination with a learnt foreground colour model and a prior on the alpha distribution to help regularize the solution and greatly improve the automatic performance of such systems. The system is applied to several real image sequences that demonstrate the advantage that the unified approach can afford.

关键词： Bayesian methods computer vision Equations Pixel Inverse problems Spatiotemporal phenomena Image sequences Robot vision systems Image segmentation Production

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Feature-centric evaluation for efficient cascaded object detection

Feature-centric evaluation for efficient cascaded object det...

引用

conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (cvpr)

作者： H. Schneiderman Robotics Institute Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA USA

We describe a cascaded method for object detection. This approach uses a novel organization of the first cascade stage called "feature-centric" evaluation which re-uses feature evaluations across multiple candidate windows. We minimize the cost of this evaluation through several simplifications: (1) localized lighting normalization, (2) representation of the classifier as an additive model and (3) discrete-valued features. Such a method also incorporates a unique feature representation. The early stages in the cascade use simple fast feature evaluations and the later stages use more complex discriminative features. In particular, we propose features based on sparse coding and ordinal relationships among filter responses. This combination of cascaded feature-centric evaluation with features of increasing complexity achieves both computational efficiency and accuracy. We describe object detection experiments on ten objects including faces and automobiles. These results include 97% recognition at equal error rate on the UIUC image database for car detection.

关键词： Object detection Filters Computational efficiency Face detection Costs Robots Automobiles Image recognition Error analysis Image databases

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On the distribution of saliency

On the distribution of saliency

引用

conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (cvpr)

作者： A. Berengolts M. Lindenbaum Computer Science Department Technion-Israel Institute of Technology Haifa Israel

The calculation of salient structures is one of the early and basic ideas of perceptual organization in computer vision. Saliency algorithms typically mark edge-points with some saliency measure, growing with the length and the smoothness of the curve on which this edge-point lies. We consider a generalization [M. Lindenbaum and A. Berengolts, 2000] of the Ullman-Shaashua saliency measure (1998) and aim to analyze the saliency measure in a probabilistic context: regarding the basic grouping information (grouping cues) as random variables, we use ergodicity and asymptotic analysis to derive the saliency distribution associated with the main curves ("figure") and with the rest of the image ("background"). We further consider finite-length curves and analyze their saliency values. We observed several discrepancies between the observed distributions and the predictions we supply, discuss their sources and propose a way to account for them. Then, based on the derived distributions we show how to set threshold on the saliency for deciding optimally between figure and background, how to choose cues which are usable for saliency, and how to estimate bounds on the saliency performance.

关键词： Voting computer science computer vision Length measurement Image analysis Information analysis Random variables Humans Tensile stress Clustering algorithms

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Detecting unusual activity in video

Detecting unusual activity in video

引用

conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (cvpr)

作者： Hua Zhong Jianbo Shi M. Visontai Computer Science Department Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA USA Computer and Information Science University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA USA

We present an unsupervised technique for detecting unusual activity in a large video set using many simple features. No complex activity models and no supervised feature selections are used. We divide the video into equal length segments and classify the extracted features into prototypes, from which a prototype-segment co-occurrence matrix is computed. Motivated by a similar problem in document-keyword analysis, we seek a correspondence relationship between prototypes and video segments which satisfies the transitive closure constraint. We show that an important sub-family of correspondence functions can be reduced to co-embedding prototypes and segments to N-D Euclidean space. We prove that an efficient, globally optimal algorithm exists for the co-embedding problem. Experiments on various real-life videos have validated our approach.

关键词： Event detection Feature extraction Prototypes Hidden Markov models Image segmentation Object detection computer science Information science Layout Surveillance

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Multiview occlusion analysis for tracking densely populated objects based on 2-D visual angles

Multiview occlusion analysis for tracking densely populated ...

引用

conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (cvpr)

作者： K. Otsuka N. Mukawa NTT Communication Science Laboratories NTT Corporation Atsugi Japan Tokyo Denki University Inzai Japan

A novel framework of multiview occlusion analysis is presented for tracking densely populated objects moving on two-dimensional plane. This paper explicitly models the spatial structure of the occlusion process between objects and its uncertainty, based on 2D silhouette-based visual angles from fixed viewpoints. The occlusion structure is defined as tangency combination between the objects and the edges of the visual angles, based on geometric constraints inherent in the visual angles. The problem is then formulated as recursive Bayesian estimation consisting of hypothesis generation/testing of the occlusion structure and the estimation of posterior probability distribution for the object states including position and posture, on each hypothesis of the occlusion structure. For implementing the proposed framework, we develop a novel type of particle filter that supports multiple state distributions. Experiments using synthetic and real data show the robustness of the framework even in the face of severe occlusions.

关键词： Target tracking Recursive estimation State estimation Uncertainty Bayesian methods Robustness computer vision Cameras Two dimensional displays Testing

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Extraction and integration of window in a 3D building model from ground view images

Extraction and integration of window in a 3D building model ...

引用

conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (cvpr)

作者： Sung Chun Lee R. Nevatia Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Systems University of Southern California Los Angeles CA USA

Details of the building facades are needed for high quality fly-through visualization or simulation applications. Windows form a key structure in the detailed facade reconstruction. In this paper, given calibrated facade texture (i.e. the rectified texture), we extract and reconstruct the 3D window structure of the building. We automatically extract windows (rectangles in the rectified image) using a profile projection method, which exploits the regularity of the vertical and horizontal window placement. We classify the extracted windows using 2D dimensions and image texture information. The depth of the extracted windows is automatically computed using window classification information and image line features. A single ground view image is enough to compute 3D depths of the facade windows in our approach.

关键词： Windows Buildings Image reconstruction Data mining Intelligent robots Visualization computer vision Focusing Cameras Solid modeling

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Multigrid and multi-level Swendsen-Wang cuts for hierarchic graph partition

Multigrid and multi-level Swendsen-Wang cuts for hierarchic ...

引用

conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (cvpr)

作者： A. Barbu Song-Chun Zhu Computer Science Department University of California Los Angeles USA Statistics Department University of California Los Angeles USA

Many vision tasks can be formulated as partitioning an adjacency graph through optimizing a Bayesian posterior probability p defined on the partition-space. In this paper two approaches are proposed to generalize the Swendsen-Wang cut algorithm [A. Barbu and S.C. Zhu 2003] for sampling p. The first method is called multigrid SW-cut which runs SW-cut within a sequence of local "attentional" windows and thus simulates conditional probabilities of p in the partition space. The second method is called multi-level SW-cut which projects the adjacency graph into a hierarchical representation with each vertex in the high level graph corresponding to a sub-graph at the low level, and runs SW-cut at each level. Thus it simulates conditional probabilities of p at the higher level. Both methods are shown to observe the detailed balance equation and thus provide flexibilities in sampling the posterior probability p. We demonstrate the algorithms in image and motion segmentation with three levels (see Fig.1), and compare the speed improvement of the proposed methods.

关键词： Partitioning algorithms Labeling Sampling methods Equations computer vision computer science Statistics Bayesian methods Probability Image sampling

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Reconstructing open surfaces from unorganized data points

Reconstructing open surfaces from unorganized data points

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conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (cvpr)

作者： J.E. Solem A. Heyden School of Technology and Society Malmö University Sweden

In this paper a method for fitting open surfaces to an unorganized set of data points is presented using a level set representation of the surface. This is done by tracking a curve, representing the boundary, on the implicitly defined surface. This curve is given as the intersection of the level set describing the surface and an auxiliary level set. These two level sets are propagated using the same motion vector field. Special care has to be taken in order for the surfaces not to intersect at other places than at the desired boundary. Methods for accomplishing this are presented and a novel fast scheme for finding good initial values is proposed. This novel method gives a piecewise linear approximation of the initial surface boundary using a partition of the convex hull. With the described method open surfaces can be fitted to point clouds obtained using structure from motion techniques. This paper solves an important practical problem since in many cases the surfaces in the scene are open or can only be viewed from certain directions. Successful experiments on several data sets support the method.

关键词： Surface reconstruction Surface fitting Level set Image reconstruction Layout Cameras Clouds computer vision Surface treatment Vectors

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