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Value directed learning of gestures and facial displays

Value directed learning of gestures and facial displays

引用

conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (cvpr)

作者： J. Hoey J.J. Little Department of Computer Science University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada

This paper presents a method for learning decision theoretic models of facial expressions and gestures from video data. We consider that the meaning of a facial display or gesture to an observer is contained in its relationship to context, actions and outcomes. An agent wishing to capitalize on these relationships must distinguish facial displays and gestures according to how they help the agent to maximize utility. This paper demonstrates how an agent can learn relationships between unlabeled observations of a person's face and gestures, the context, and its own actions and utility function. The agent needs no prior knowledge about the number or the structure of the gestures and facial displays that are valuable to distinguish. The agent discovers classes of human non-verbal behaviors, as well as which are important for choosing actions that optimize over the utility of possible outcomes. This value-directed model learning allows an agent to focus resources on recognizing only those behaviors which are useful to distinguish. We show results in a simple gestural robotic control problem and in a simple card game played by two human players.

关键词： Humans Face detection computer displays Character recognition Training data computer science Robot control Communication system control Speech Physiology

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Experiments in filtering discrete Markov random fields to textures

Experiments in filtering discrete Markov random fields to te...

引用

conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (cvpr)

作者： C.-C. Chen R.C. Dubes Department of Computer Science Michigan State University East Lansing MI USA

The authors examine two important problems, estimation and goodness of fit, in modeling binary single-texture images by discrete Markov random fields. A methodology for comparing parameter estimators is proposed and applied to evaluate four estimation procedures. The classes of models considered are four-parameter Derin-Elliot models and four-parameter autobinomial models with second-order neighborhoods. A Min- chi /sup 2/ estimator is proposed and shown to outperform estimators described in the literature. The methodology is based on a hardcore sampling process over the parameter space and a Wilcoxon rank-sum statistic. A static for assessing the goodness of fit between a specific model and an arbitrary texture image is also proposed and used in a Monte Carlo ranking test. The statistic is experimentally validated on synthetic textures. Experiments on natural textures suggest that second-order binary models do not fit natural textures well.< >

关键词： Filtering Markov random fields Parameter estimation Linear systems Equations Maximum likelihood estimation Image coding Newton method Optimization methods Least squares methods

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The fast computation of disparity from phase differences

The fast computation of disparity from phase differences

引用

conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (cvpr)

作者： A.D. Jepson M.R.M. Jenkin Department of Computer Science University of Toronto Toronto ONT Canada Department of Computer Science York University Toronto ONT Canada

Previous work has demonstrated that the task of recovering local disparity measurements can be reduced to the task of measuring the local phase between bandpass signals extracted from the left and right cameras. In computing this local phase difference, earlier algorithms expressed the computational task as a nonlinear differential equation to be solved at each image point. Although this approach has great appeal as a model for biological disparity measurement, the solving of a differential equation at a large number of image points and disparities makes the algorithm unsuitable for serial digital computer applications. Here, the authors demonstrate how the approach of recovering disparity from the measurement of local phase differences can be accomplished without the computational expense exhibited by previous algorithms. This disparity measurement technique is embedded within a simple coarse-to-fine stereopsis similar to the algorithm proposed by H.K. Nishihara (1984) and the resulting algorithm is applied to a number of stereo pairs.< >

关键词： Phase measurement Differential equations computer science Cameras Biology computing Power measurement Biological system modeling computer applications Measurement techniques Layout

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Feature based person detection beyond the visible spectrum

Feature based person detection beyond the visible spectrum

引用

ieee computer society conference on computer vision and pattern recognition Workshops

作者： Kai Jungling Michael Arens FGAN-FOM Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781424439942

One of the main challenges in computer vision is the automatic detection of specific object classes in images. Recent advances of object detection performance in the visible spectrum encourage the application of these approaches to data beyond the visible spectrum. In this paper, we show the applicability of a well known, local-feature based object detector for the case of people detection in thermal data. We adapt the detector to the special conditions of infrared data and show the specifics relevant for feature based object detection. For that, we employ the SURF feature detector and descriptor that is well suited for infrared data. We evaluate the performance of our adapted object detector in the task of person detection in different real-world scenarios where people occur at multiple scales. Finally, we show how this local-feature based detector can be used to recognize specific object parts, i.e., body parts of detected people.

关键词： computer vision Object detection Infrared detectors Cameras Motion detection Image sequences Shape Application software Motion segmentation Layout

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Blind Haze Separation

Blind Haze Separation

引用

conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (cvpr)

作者： S. Shwartz E. Namer Y.Y. Schechner Department of Electrical Engineering Technion-Israel Institute of Technology Haifa Israel

Outdoor imaging is plagued by poor visibility conditions due to atmospheric scattering, particularly in haze. A major problem is spatially-varying reduction of contrast by stray radiance (airlight), which is scattered by the haze particles towards the camera. Recent computer vision methods have shown that images can be compensated for haze, and even yield a depth map of the scene. A key step in such a scene recovery is subtraction of the airlight. In particular, this can be achieved by analyzing polarization-filtered images. However, the recovery requires parameters of the airlight. These parameters were estimated in past studies by measuring pixels in sky areas. This paper derives an approach for blindly recovering the parameter needed for separating the airlight from the measurements, thus recovering contrast, with neither user interaction nor existence of the sky in the frame. This eases the interaction and conditions needed for image dehazing, which also requires compensation for attenuation. The approach has proved successful in experiments, some of which are shown here.

关键词： Independent component analysis Layout Image analysis Particle scattering computer vision Polarization Parameter estimation Light scattering Degradation Reflection

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Composite Templates for Cloth Modeling and Sketching

Composite Templates for Cloth Modeling and Sketching

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conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (cvpr)

作者： Hong Chen Zi Jian Xu Zi Qiang Liu Song Chun Zhu Departments of Statistics and Computer Science University of California Los Angeles USA

Cloth modeling and recognition is an important and challenging problem in both vision and graphics tasks, such as dressed human recognition and tracking, human sketch and portrait. In this paper, we present a context sensitive grammar in an And-Or graph representation which will produce a large set of composite graphical templates to account for the wide variabilities of cloth configurations, such as T-shirts, jackets, etc. In a supervised learning phase, we ask an artist to draw sketches on a set of dressed people, and we decompose the sketches into categories of cloth and body components: collars, shoulders, cuff, hands, pants, shoes etc. Each component has a number of distinct subtemplates (sub-graphs). These sub-templates serve as leafnodes in a big And-Or graph where an And-node represents a decomposition of the graph into sub-configurations with Markov relations for context and constraints (soft or hard), and an Or-node is a switch for choosing one out of a set of alternative And-nodes (sub-configurations) - similar to a node in stochastic context free grammar (SCFG). This representation integrates the SCFG for structural variability and the Markov (graphical) model for context. An algorithm which integrates the bottom-up proposals and the topdown information is proposed to infer the composite cloth template from the image.

关键词： Humans Photometry Supervised learning Footwear Switches Statistics computer science computer graphics Stochastic processes Context modeling

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Adaptive meshes and shells: irregular triangulation, discontinuities, and hierarchical subdivision

Adaptive meshes and shells: irregular triangulation, discont...

引用

conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (cvpr)

作者： M. Vasilescu D. Terzopoulos MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory Cambridge MA USA

The adaptive mesh model is extended in several ways. Open adaptive meshes and closed adaptive shells based on triangular and rectangular elements are developed. A discontinuity detection and preservation algorithm suitable for the model is proposed. Techniques for adaptive hierarchical subdivision of adaptive meshes and shells are also developed. The extended model is applied to image and 3D surface data.< >

关键词： Springs Image reconstruction Sampling methods Artificial intelligence Laboratories computer science Educational institutions Face detection Nonuniform sampling Image sampling

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A factorization method for affine structure from line correspondences

A factorization method for affine structure from line corres...

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conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (cvpr)

作者： Long Quan T. Kanade Robotics Institute Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA USA Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA US Robotics Inst. Carnegie Mellon Univ. Pittsburgh PA USA

A family of structure from motion algorithms called the factorization method has been recently developed from the orthographic projection model to the affine camera model. All these algorithms are limited to handling only point features of the image stream. We propose in this paper an algorithm for the recovery of shape and motion from line correspondences by the factorization method with the affine camera. Instead of one step factorization for points, a multi-step factorization method is developed for lines based on the decomposition of the whole shape and motion into three separate substructures. Each of these substructures can then be linearly solved by factorizing the appropriate measurement matrices. It is also established that affine shape and motion with uncalibrated affine cameras can be achieved with at least seven lines over three views, which extends the previous results of Koenderink and Van Doorn (1989) for points to lines.

关键词： Cameras Shape Image segmentation Streaming media Robot vision systems Matrix decomposition Motion estimation Closed-form solution Robustness Linearity

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Non-Rigid Metric Shape and Motion Recovery from Uncalibrated Images Using Priors

Non-Rigid Metric Shape and Motion Recovery from Uncalibrated...

引用

conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (cvpr)

作者： A. Del Bue X. Llad L. Agapito Department of Computer Science University of London London UK

In this paper we focus on the estimation of the 3D Euclidean shape and motion of a non-rigid object which is moving rigidly while deforming and is observed by a perspective camera. Our method exploits the fact that it is often a reasonable assumption that some of the points are deforming throughout the sequence while others remain rigid. First we use an automatic segmentation algorithm to identify the set of rigid points which in turn is used to estimate the internal camera calibration parameters and the overall rigid motion. Finally we formalise the problem of non-rigid shape estimation as a constrained non-linear minimization adding priors on the degree of deformability of each point. We perform experiments on synthetic and real data which show firstly that even when using a minimal set of rigid points it is possible to obtain reliable metric information and secondly that the shape priors help to disambiguate the contribution to the image motion caused by the deformation and the perspective distortion.

关键词： Cameras Motion estimation Nonlinear distortion Shape measurement Noise shaping computer vision computer science Calibration Motion measurement Rotation measurement

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Hierarchical decision making scheme for sports video categorisation with temporal post-processing

Hierarchical decision making scheme for sports video categor...

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conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (cvpr)

作者： E. Jaser J. Kittler W. Christmas Centre for Vision Speech and Signal Processing University of Surrey Guildford UK

The problem of automatic sports video classification is considered. We develop a multistage decision making system that is founded on the concept of cues, i.e. pieces of visual evidence, characteristic of certain categories of sports that are extracted from key frames. The main decision making mechanism is a decision tree which generate hypotheses concerning the semantics of the sports video content. The final stage of the decision making process is a hidden Markov model system which bridges the gap between the semantic content categorisation defined by the user and the actual visual content categories. The latter is often ambiguous, as the same visual content may be attributed to different sport categories, depending on the context. We demonstrate experimentally that the contextual post-processing of the decision tree outputs by HMMs significantly improves the performance of the sports video classification system.

关键词： Decision making Cameras Decision trees Hidden Markov models Broadcasting Speech processing Video signal processing Bridges Classification tree analysis Usability

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