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Towards Understanding and Improving Adversarial Robustness of vision Transformers

Towards Understanding and Improving Adversarial Robustness o...

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ieee/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (cvpr)

作者： Jain, Samyak Dutta, Tanima Indian Inst Technol BHU Varanasi Varanasi Uttar Pradesh India

ISBN: (纸本)9798350353006

Recent literature has demonstrated that vision transformers (VITs) exhibit superior performance compared to convolutional neural networks (CNNs). The majority of recent research on adversarial robustness, however, has predominantly focused on CNNs. In this work, we bridge this gap by analyzing the effectiveness of existing attacks on VITs. We demonstrate that due to the softmax computations in every attention block in VITs, they are inherently vulnerable to floating point underflow errors. This can lead to a gradient masking effect resulting in suboptimal attack strength of well-known attacks, like PGD, Carlini and Wagner (CW) and GAMA. Motivated by this, we propose Adaptive Attention Scaling (AAS) attack that can automatically find the optimal scaling factors of pre-softmax outputs using gradient-based optimization. We show that the proposed simple strategy can be incorporated with any existing adversarial attacks as well as adversarial training methods and achieved improved performance. On VIT-B16, we demonstrate an improved attack strength of upto 2.2% on CIFAR10 and upto 2.9% on CIFAR100 by incorporating the proposed AAS attack with state-of-the-art single attack methods like GAMA attack. Further, we utilise the proposed AAS attack for every few epochs in existing adversarial training methods, which is termed as Adaptive Attention Scaling Adversarial Training (AAS-AT). On incorporating AAS-AT with existing methods, we outperform them on VITs over 1.3-3.5% on CIFAR10. We observe improved performance on ImageNet-100 as well.

关键词： adversarial robustness vision Transformers

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Sieve: Multimodal Dataset Pruning Using Image Captioning Models

Sieve: Multimodal Dataset Pruning Using Image Captioning Mod...

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ieee/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (cvpr)

作者： Mahmouc, Anas Elhoushi, Mostafa Abbass, Amro Yang, Yu Ardalani, Newsha Leather, Hugh Morcos, Art S. Meta FAIR Menlo Pk CA 94025 USA Univ Toronto Toronto ON Canada UC Los Angeles Los Angeles CA USA DatologyAI Redwood City CA USA

ISBN: (纸本)9798350353006

vision-Language Models (VLMs) are pretrained on large, diverse, and noisy web-crawled datasets. This underscores the critical need for dataset pruning, as the quality of these datasets is strongly correlated with the performance of VLMs on downstream tasks. Using CLIPScore from a pretrained model to only train models using highly-aligned samples is one of the most successful methods for pruning. We argue that this approach suffers from multiple limitations including: false positives and negatives due to CLIP's pretraining on noisy labels. We propose a pruning signal, Sieve, that employs synthetic captions generated by image-captioning models pretrained on small, diverse, and well-aligned image-text pairs to evaluate the alignment of noisy image-text pairs. To bridge the gap between the limited diversity of generated captions and the high diversity of alternative text (alt-text), we estimate the semantic textual similarity in the embedding space of a language model pretrained on unlabeled text corpus. Using DataComp, a multimodal dataset filtering benchmark, when evaluating on 38 downstream tasks, our pruning approach, surpasses CLIPScore by 2.6% and 1.7% on medium and large scale respectively. In addition, on retrieval tasks, Sieve leads to a significant improvement of 2.7% and 4.5% on medium and large scale respectively.

关键词： data distillation pruning vision-language

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On the test-time zero-shot generalization of vision-language models: Do we really need prompt learning?

On the test-time zero-shot generalization of vision-language...

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ieee/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (cvpr)

作者： Zanella, Maxime Ben Ayed, Ismail UCLouvain Louvain Belgium UMons Mons Belgium ETS Montreal Montreal PQ Canada

ISBN: (纸本)9798350353006

The development of large vision-language models, notably CLIP, has catalyzed research into effective adaptation techniques, with a particular focus on soft prompt tuning. Conjointly, test-time augmentation, which utilizes multiple augmented views of a single image to enhance zero-shot generalization, is emerging as a significant area of interest. This has predominantly directed research efforts toward test-time prompt tuning. In contrast, we introduce a robust MeanShift for Test-time Augmentation (MTA), which surpasses prompt-based methods without requiring this intensive training procedure. This positions MTA as an ideal solution for both standalone and API-based applications. Additionally, our method does not rely on ad hoc rules (e.g., confidence threshold) used in some previous test-time augmentation techniques to filter the augmented views. Instead, MTA incorporates a quality assessment variable for each view directly into its optimization process, termed as the inlierness score. This score is jointly optimized with a density mode seeking process, leading to an efficient training- and hyperparameter-free approach. We extensively benchmark our method on 15 datasets and demonstrate MTA's superiority and computational efficiency. Deployed easily as plug-and-play module on top of zero-shot models and state-of-the-art few-shot methods, MTA shows systematic and consistent improvements.

关键词： CLIP test-time augmentation training-free vision-language zero-shot

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CPR-Coach: Recognizing Composite Error Actions based on Single-class Training

CPR-Coach: Recognizing Composite Error Actions based on Sing...

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ieee/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (cvpr)

作者： Wang, Shunli Wang, Shuaibing Yang, Dingkang Li, Mingcheng Kuang, Haopeng Zhao, Xiao Su, Liuzhen Zhai, Peng Zhang, Lihua Fudan Univ Acad Engn & Technol Shanghai Peoples R China Cognit & Intelligent Technol Lab Suzhou Peoples R China Minist Educ Engn Res Ctr & Robot Shanghai Peoples R China AI & Unmanned Syst Engn Res Ctr Jilin Prov Changchun Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9798350353006

Fine-grained medical action analysis plays a vital role in improving medical skill training efficiency, but it faces the problems of data and algorithm shortage. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) is an essential skill in emergency treatment. Currently, the assessment of CPR skills mainly depends on dummies and trainers, leading to high training costs and low efficiency. For the first time, this paper constructs a vision-based system to complete error action recognition and skill assessment in CPR. Specifically, we define 13 types of single-error actions and 74 types of composite error actions during external cardiac compression and then develop a video dataset named CPR-Coach. By taking the CPR-Coach as a benchmark, this paper investigates and compares the performance of existing action recognition models based on different data modalities. To solve the unavoidable "Single-class Training & Multi-class Testing" problem, we propose a human-cognition-inspired framework named ImagineNet to improve the model's multi-error recognition performance under restricted supervision. Extensive comparison and actual deployment experiments verify the effectiveness of the framework. We hope this work could bring new inspiration to the computer vision and medical skills training communities simultaneously. The dataset and the code are publicly available on https://***/Shunli-Wang/CPR- Coach.

关键词： Composite Error Action recognition CPR Training Human Action recognition

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Distilling vision-Language Models on Millions of Videos

Distilling Vision-Language Models on Millions of Videos

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ieee/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (cvpr)

作者： Zhao, Yue Zhao, Long Zhou, Xingyi Wu, Jialin Chu, Chun-Te Mia, Hui Schroff, Florian Adam, Hartwig Liu, Ting Gong, Boqing Krahenbuhl, Philipp Yuan, Liangzhe Google Res Mountain View CA 94043 USA Univ Texas Austin Austin TX 78712 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9798350353006

The recent advance in vision-language models is largely attributed to the abundance of image-text data. We aim to replicate this success for video-language models, but there simply is not enough human- curated video-text data available. We thus resort to fine-tuning a video-language model from a strong image-language baseline with synthesized instructional data. The resulting video model by video-instruction-tuning (VIIT) is then used to auto-label millions of videos to generate high-quality captions. We show the adapted video-language model performs well on a wide range of video-language benchmarks. For instance, it surpasses the best prior result on open-ended NExT-QA by 2.8%. Besides, our model generates detailed descriptions for previously unseen videos, which provide better textual supervision than existing methods. Experiments show that a video-language dual-encoder model contrastively trained on these auto-generated captions is 3.8% better than the strongest baseline that also leverages vision-language models. Our best model outperforms state-of-the-art methods on MSR-VTT zero-shot text-to-video retrieval by 6%. As a side product, we generate the largest video capation dataset to date.

关键词： Video analysis

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Draw Step by Step: Reconstructing CAD Construction Sequences from Point Clouds via Multimodal Diffusion

Draw Step by Step: Reconstructing CAD Construction Sequences...

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ieee/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (cvpr)

作者： Ma, Weijian Chen, Shuaiqi Lou, Yunzhong Li, Xueyang Zhou, Xiangdong Fudan Univ Sch Comp Sci & Technol Shanghai Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9798350353006

Reconstructing CAD construction sequences from raw 3D geometry serves as an interface between real-world objects and digital designs. In this paper, we propose CAD-Diffuser, a multimodal diffusion scheme aiming at integrating top-down design paradigm into generative reconstruction. In particular, we unify CAD point clouds and CAD construction sequences at the token level, guiding our proposed multimodal diffusion strategy to understand and link between the geometry and the design intent concentrated in construction sequences. Leveraging the strong decoding abilities of language models, the forward process is modeled as a random walk between the original token and the [MASK] token, while the reverse process naturally fits the masked token modeling scheme. A volume-based noise schedule is designed to encourage outline-first generation, decomposing the top-down design methodology into a machine-understandable procedure. For tokenizing CAD data of multiple modalities, we introduce a tokenizer with a self-supervised face segmentation task to compress local and global geometric information for CAD point clouds, and the CAD construction sequence is transformed into a primitive token string. Experimental results show that our CAD-Diffuser can perceive geometric details and the results are more likely to be reused by human designers.

关键词： computer-Aided Design Diffusion Models Point Cloud

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Synthesize, Diagnose, and Optimize: Towards Fine-Grained vision-Language Understanding

Synthesize, Diagnose, and Optimize: Towards Fine-Grained Vis...

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ieee/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (cvpr)

作者： Peng, Wujian Xi, Sicheng You, Zuyao Lan, Shiyi Wu, Zuxuan Fudan Univ Sch CS Shanghai Key Lab Intell Info Proc Shanghai Peoples R China Shanghai Collaborat Innovat Ctr Intelligent Visua Shanghai Peoples R China NVIDIA Shenzhen Guangdong Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9798350353006

vision language models (VLM) have demonstrated remarkable performance across various downstream tasks. However, understanding fine-grained visual-linguistic concepts, such as attributes and inter-object relationships, remains a significant challenge. While several benchmarks aim to evaluate VLMs in finer granularity, their primary focus remains on the linguistic aspect, neglecting the visual dimension. Here, we highlight the importance of evaluating VLMs from both a textual and visual perspective. We introduce a progressive pipeline to synthesize images that vary in a specific attribute while ensuring consistency in all other aspects. Utilizing this data engine, we carefully design a benchmark, SPEC, to diagnose the comprehension of object size, position, existence, and count. Subsequently, we conduct a thorough evaluation of four leading VLMs on SPEC. Surprisingly, their performance is close to random guess, revealing significant limitations. With this in mind, we propose a simple yet effective approach to optimize VLMs in fine-grained understanding, achieving significant improvements on SPEC without compromising the zero-shot performance. Results on two additional fine-grained benchmarks also show consistent improvements, further validating the transferability of our approach. Code and data are available at https://***/wjpoom/SPEC.

关键词： Fine-grained understdanding vision language model

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Masked AutoDecoder is Effective Multi-Task vision Generalist

Masked AutoDecoder is Effective Multi-Task Vision Generalist

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ieee/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (cvpr)

作者： Qiu, Han Huang, Jiaxing Gao, Peng Lu, Lewei Zhang, Xiaoqin Lu, Shijian Nanyang Technol Univ S Lab Singapore Singapore Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Lab Shanghai Peoples R China Sensetime Res Beijing Peoples R China Zhejiang Univ Technol Coll Comp Sci & Technol Hangzhou Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9798350353006

Inspired by the success of general-purpose models in NLP, recent studies attempt to unify different vision tasks in the same sequence format and employ autoregressive Transformers for sequence prediction. They apply uni-directional attention to capture sequential dependencies and generate task sequences recursively. However, such autoregressive Transformers may not fit vision tasks well, as vision task sequences usually lack the sequential dependencies typically observed in natural languages. In this work, we design Masked AutoDecoder (MAD), an effective multi-task vision generalist. MAD consists of two core designs. First, we develop a parallel decoding framework that introduces bi-directional attention to capture contextual dependencies comprehensively and decode vision task sequences in parallel. Second, we design a masked sequence modeling approach that learns rich task contexts by masking and reconstructing task sequences. In this way, MAD handles all the tasks by a single network branch and a simple cross-entropy loss with minimal task-specific designs. Extensive experiments demonstrate the great potential of MAD as a new paradigm for unifying various vision tasks. MAD achieves superior performance and inference efficiency compared to autoregressive counterparts while obtaining competitive accuracy with task-specific models. Code will be released at https://***/hanqiu-hq/MAD.

关键词： Masked AutoDecoder Masked Sequence Modeling Transformer vision Generalist

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On the Estimation of Image-matching Uncertainty in Visual Place recognition

On the Estimation of Image-matching Uncertainty in Visual Pl...

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ieee/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (cvpr)

作者： Zaffar, Mubariz Nan, Liangliang Kooij, Julian F. P. Delft Univ Technol ME Delft Netherlands Delft Univ Technol ABE Delft Netherlands

ISBN: (纸本)9798350353006

In Visual Place recognition (VPR) the pose of a query image is estimated by comparing the image to a map of reference images with known reference poses. As is typical for image retrieval problems, a feature extractor maps the query and reference images to a feature space, where a nearest neighbor search is then performed. However, till recently little attention has been given to quantifying the confidence that a retrieved reference image is a correct match. Highly certain but incorrect retrieval can lead to catastrophic failure of VPR-based localization pipelines. This work compares for the first time the main approaches for estimating the image-matching uncertainty, including the traditional retrieval-based uncertainty estimation, more recent data-driven aleatoric uncertainty estimation, and the compute-intensive geometric verification. We further formulate a simple baseline method, "SUE", which unlike the other methods considers the freely-available poses of the reference images in the map. Our experiments reveal that a simple L2-distance between the query and reference descriptors is already a better estimate of image-matching uncertainty than current data-driven approaches. SUE outperforms the other efficient uncertainty estimation methods, and its uncertainty estimates complement the computationally expensive geometric verification approach. Future works for uncertainty estimation in VPR should consider the baselines discussed in this work.

关键词： geometric verification image matching image retrieval uncertainty estimation visual place recognition

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USE: Universal Segment Embeddings for Open-Vocabulary Image Segmentation

USE: Universal Segment Embeddings for Open-Vocabulary Image ...

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ieee/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (cvpr)

作者： Wang, Xiaoqi He, Wenbin Xuan, Xiwei Sebastian, Clint Ono, Jorge Piazentin Li, Xin Behpour, Sima Thang Doan Gou, Liang Shen, Han-Wei Ren, Liu Bosch Res North Amer Oak Brook Terrace IL 60181 USA Bosch Ctr Artificial Intelligence Baden Baden Germany Ohio State Univ Columbus OH 43210 USA Univ Calif Davis Davis CA 95616 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9798350353013;9798350353006

The open-vocabulary image segmentation task involves partitioning images into semantically meaningful segments and classifying them with flexible text-defined categories. The recent vision-based foundation models such as the Segment Anything Model (SAM) have shown superior performance in generating class-agnostic image segments. The main challenge in open-vocabulary image segmentation now lies in accurately classifying these segments into text-defined categories. In this paper, we introduce the Universal Segment Embedding (USE) framework to address this challenge. This framework is comprised of two key components: 1) a data pipeline designed to efficiently curate a large amount of segment-text pairs at various granularities, and 2) a universal segment embedding model that enables precise segment classification into a vast range of text-defined categories. The USE model can not only help open-vocabulary image segmentation but also facilitate other downstream tasks (e.g., querying and ranking). Through comprehensive experimental studies on semantic segmentation and part segmentation benchmarks, we demonstrate that the USE framework outperforms state-of-the-art open-vocabulary segmentation methods.

关键词： foundation model open-vocabulary image segmentation vision-language model

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