The genus of Monascus was nominated by van Tieghem in 1884,but its fermented product—Hongqu,namely red yeast rice(RYR),has been used as folk medicines,food colorants and fermentation starters for more than thousands ...
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The genus of Monascus was nominated by van Tieghem in 1884,but its fermented product—Hongqu,namely red yeast rice(RYR),has been used as folk medicines,food colorants and fermentation starters for more than thousands of years in oriental ***,Hongqu is widely developed as food supplements in the world due to its functional compounds such as monacolin K(MK, also called lovastatin) and y-aminobutyric acid(GABA).But the usage of Hongqu also incurs controversy resulting from contamination of citrinin(a kind of mycotoxin) produced by some Monascus strains. In the past decade,it has made great progress to *** the genetic level with the application of molecular biology techniques to restrain the citrinin production,and increase the yields of MK and GABA in Hongqu,as well as aid Monascus classification and *** to now,hundreds of papers about Monascus molecular biology(MMB) have been published in the international primary ***,to our knowledge,there is no MMB review issued until *** this review,current understanding of *** the view of molecular biology will be covered and highlight insights into research areas that need further investigation will also be discussed.
The foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes has the ability to develop biofilm in the food-processing environment,which becomes a major concern for food ***,a key transcriptional activator that regulates most of the...
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The foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes has the ability to develop biofilm in the food-processing environment,which becomes a major concern for food ***,a key transcriptional activator that regulates most of the known listerial virulence gene expression,has been shown to promote *** biofilm *** this study,the whole genome microarray was used to identify differentially expressed genes associated with the putative interaction between biofilm formation and PrfA in *** transcriptome analyses indicated that over 21.9%of the L monocytogenes EGDe genes(627 out of 2857 predicted) were altered in their expression of biofilm compared to the planktonic *** genes were classified into different functional categories which cover most of the biochemical functions encountered in bacterial cells,indicating that L. monocytogenes biofilm formation is probably controlled by a complex regulation network involved in variable genes required for the different biological pathways. Further comparison of gene expression profiles of biofilms between L. monocytogenes EGDe and its PrfA deletion mutant revealed 185 genes associated with PrfA and biofilm *** for 10 genes,transcription levels of 175 genes were completely opposite between AprfA and wild type during the biofilm formation,i.e,up-regulated genes in△prfA were down-regulated in the wild-type strain,and vice versa,indicating that loss of PrfA dramatically altered gene expression patterns in *** biofilm and resulted in reduced ability of the biofilm formation.
After infection human cytomegalovirus(HCMV) persists in the body for life. Primary infections and reactivation of latent virus can both result in congenital *** HCMV infection is a leading cause of birth defects,prima...
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After infection human cytomegalovirus(HCMV) persists in the body for life. Primary infections and reactivation of latent virus can both result in congenital *** HCMV infection is a leading cause of birth defects,primarily central nervous system(CNS) *** previously reported long-term HCMV Infection in the glioblastoma cell line,T98G(1).HCMV infection has been further characterized in these cells,with emphasis on antigenicity and the presence of HCMV DNA over an extended time *** T98G cell populations were used:an unsorted,mixed population,purified antigen positive(Ag+) and purified antigen negative(Ag-) *** gene expression over the course of infection was determined by IFA and *** DNA and the presence of HCMV genomes were determined by PCR,n-PCR and *** to the HCMV latency cell model, THP-1,T98G cells had greater and longer lasting IE1 positivity(IE1+),contained more HCMV genomes during early passages and many more genomes during long term *** DNA and a large number of genomes were also found in purified Ag- *** early passages of urwsorted and sorted Ag+ T98G cells,IE1 expression,a key marker of HCMV lytic infection,was detectable at protein and mRNA ***,during late passages,when virus genomes were still observed,IE1 expression was undetectable,indicating that maintenance of virus genomes was independent of IE1 *** results identify HCMV-infected T98G cells as an attractive new model in the study of the long-term maintenance of virus genomes.
Background:Human cytomegalovirus(HCMV) encodes microRNAs(miRNAs) that function as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression during lytic infection in permissive *** miRNAs have been shown to suppress virus re...
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Background:Human cytomegalovirus(HCMV) encodes microRNAs(miRNAs) that function as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression during lytic infection in permissive *** miRNAs have been shown to suppress virus replication,which could help HCMV to establish or maintain latent ***,HCMV miRNA expression has not been comprehensively examined and compared using cell culture systems representing permissive(lytic) and semi-permissive ***-permissive (latent-like) infection. Methods:Viral miRNAs levels and expression kinetics during HCMV infection were determined by miRNA-specific stem-loop *** infected THP-1 (non-permissive),differentiated THP-1(d-THP-1,semi-permissive) and human embryo lung fibroblasts(HELs,fully-permissive) were *** impact of selected miRNAs on HCMV infection(gene expression,genome replication and virus release) was determined by Western blotting,RT-PCR,qPCR,and plaque assay. Results:Abundant expression of 15 HCMV miRNAs was observed during lytic infection in HELs;highest peak inductions(11-to 1502-fold) occurred at 48 *** d-THP-ls,fourteen mRNAs were detected with moderate induction(3- to 288-fold), but kinetics of expression was generally delayed for 24h relative to *** contrast, only three miRNAs were induced to low levels(3- to 4-fold) during quiescent infection in ***,miR-UL70-3p was poorly induced in HEL(1.5-fold), moderately in THP-1s(4-fold),and strongly(58-fold) in d-THP-1s,suggesting a potentially specific role for miR-UL70-3p in THP-ls and ***-US33,-UL22A and -UL70 were further evaluated for their impact on HCMV replication in HELs. Ectopic expression of miR-UL22A and miR-UL70 did not affect HCMV replication in HELs,whereas miR-US33 inhibited HCMV replication and reduced levels of HCMV US29 mRNA,confirming that US29 is a target of miR-US33. Conclusions:Viral miRNA expression kinetics differs between permissive, semi-permissive and quiescent infections,and miR-US33 do
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