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Embedded systems Week / Int Conf on Compilers, Architecture, and synthesis for Embedded systems (CASES) / international conference on hardware/software codesign and system synthesis (codes+isss) / Int Conf on Embedded software (EMSOFT)

作者： Mohanty, Ram Prasad Gamaarachchi, Hasindu Lambert, Andrew Parameswaran, Sri Univ New South Wales Canberra ACT 2612 Australia Univ New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia

Treatment of patients using high-quality precision medicine requires a thorough understanding of the genetic composition of a patient. Ideally, the identification of unique variations in an individual's genome is needed for specifying the necessary treatment. Variant calling workflow is a pipeline of tools, integrating state of the art software systems aimed at alignment, sorting and variant calling for the whole genome sequencing (WGS) data. This pipeline is utilized for identifying unique variations in an individual's genome (compared to a reference genome). Currently, such a workflow is implemented on high-performance computers (with additional GPUs or FPGAs) or in cloud computers. Such systems are large, have a high cost, and rely on the internet for genome data transfer which makes the system unusable in remote locations unequipped with internet connectivity. It further raises privacy concerns due to processing being carried out in a different facility. To overcome such limitations, in this paper, for the first time, we present a cost-efficient, offline, scalable, portable, and energy-efficient computing system named SWARAM for variant calling workflow processing. The system uses novel architecture and algorithms to match against partial reference genomes to exploit smaller memory sizes which are typically available in tiny processing systems. Extensive tests on a standard benchmark data-set (NA12878 Illumina platinum genome) confirm that the time consumed for the data transfer and completing variant calling workflow on SWARAM was competitive to that of a 32-core Intel Xeon server with similar accuracy, but costs less than a fifth, and consumes less than 40% of the energy of the server system. The original scripts and code we developed for executing the variant calling workflow on SWARAM are available in the associated Github repository https://***/Rammohanty/swaram.

关键词： Genome alignment variant calling genetic analysis embedded system ARM DNA analysis energy efficient system portable genome analysis

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Work-in-Progress: On Leveraging Approximations for Exact system-level Design Space Exploration

Work-in-Progress: On Leveraging Approximations for Exact Sys...

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ACM/IEEE international conference on hardware/software codesign and system synthesis (codes+isss)

作者： Neubauer, Kai Haubelt, Christian Wanko, Philipp Schaub, Torsten Univ Rostock Rostock Germany Univ Potsdam Potsdam Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781538655627

In order to find good design points for embedded systems, an efficient exploration of the design space is imperative. The ever-increasing complexity of embedded systems, however, results in a deterioration of the overall exploration performance. The DSE essentially consists of two parts: (1) the search for feasible solutions and (2) the evaluation of found feasible solutions. While the search has been massively improved by ASPmT-based strategies, the evaluation emerges as the main bottleneck. Tragically, evaluating bad solutions takes as much time as evaluating good ones. Hence, in this paper we study the utilization of approximations in the evaluation process integrated in an ASPmT-based DSE to identify bad solutions more quickly while still retaining the exact Pareto-front.

关键词： Design Space Exploration system-level Design Approximation

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Work-in-Progress: Hierarchical Ensemble Learning for Resource-Aware FPGA Computing

Work-in-Progress: Hierarchical Ensemble Learning for Resourc...

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ACM/IEEE international conference on hardware/software codesign and system synthesis (codes+isss)

作者： Wang, Hongfei Li, Jianwen He, Kun Cai, Wenjie Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol Sch Comp Sci & Technol Wuhan Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9781538655627

Recent years witness the rapid development in hardware/software codesign that integrates machine learning (ML) models with hardware systems [1]–[4]. Despite the booming trend in building neuromorphic computing systems [2], decision trees still attract much attention in ML communities, from both software [5], [6] and hardware [1], [7], [8] approaches. A single tree model may not be as accurate as desired. One effective way to remedy this is to apply ensemble methods [5]–[7], [9]–[11], such as the Random Forest (RF) [5]. Larger tree ensembles typically improve accuracy, but demand more computation resources, especially for hardware implementation. Many methods have been proposed to address this issue. The motivation arouses from the fact that tree models usually demands much less computation resource comparing to neural networks, making them extremely potential for wearable devices and embedded systems at the edge nodes of the IoT [7], [11], [12]. Moreover, due to their inherent structures, tree ensembles are ideal for exploiting the computational parallelism on FPGA [1], [4], [7]–[9], [11], [13].

关键词： Radio frequency Vegetation hardware Field programmable gate arrays Forestry Minimization Computational modeling

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Work-in-Progress: A Chip-Level Security Framework for Assessing Sensor Data Integrity

Work-in-Progress: A Chip-Level Security Framework for Assess...

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ACM/IEEE international conference on hardware/software codesign and system synthesis (codes+isss)

作者： Wehbe, Taimour Mooney, Vincent J. Keezer, David C. Georgia Inst Technol Atlanta GA 30332 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781538655627

The continuously increasing inter-connectivity of sensor nodes that form the basis of the Internet-of-Things results in new avenues of attack exploitable by adversaries to maliciously modify data captured by these nodes. In this work, we present a framework for detecting malicious hardware alterations that attempt to attack state-of-the-art microchips that form these sensor nodes. Specifically, we focus on extremely small hardware Trojans (HTs) that attempt to modify sensor data right away as the data is received on a state-of-the-art chip fabricated in an untrusted facility. We present a dual-chip approach composed of an untrusted state-of-the-art prover chip and a trusted verifier chip, where the verifier continuously challenges the prover at run-time to ensure correct operation and assess the integrity of the captured data. Our preliminary analysis of the proposed mechanism shows that HT attacks anywhere on the untrusted state-of-the-art chip are detected and flagged preventing maliciously altered data to be transmitted out of the sensor node.

关键词： security in hardware hardware attacks and countermeasures malicious design modifications embedded systems security sensor networks hardware Trojans data integrity

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Work-in-Progress: Dynamic data management for automotive Ecus with hybrid RAM-NVM Memory

Work-in-Progress: Dynamic data management for automotive Ecu...

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2018 ACM/IEEE international conference on hardware/software codesign and system synthesis, codes+isss 2018

作者： Zhan, Jinyu Yang, Junhuan Jiang, Wei Li, Yixin School of Information Software Engineering University of Electronic Science Technology of China China

ISBN: (纸本)9781538655627

Non-Volatile Memory (NVM) can be utilized to improve performance of automotive electronic systems, but frequent writings on NVM will decrease its lifetime. In this paper, we propose a Vehicle Dynamic Data Management (VDDM) scheme, which can distinguish the hot or cold data generated by vehicle Electronic Control Units (ECUs) and sensors, and manage the data to reduce the writing operations on NVM of the hybrid main memory. Experimental results show that VDDM can significantly reduce writing operations and prolong lifetime of NVM compared with other approaches. © 2018 IEEE.

关键词： Random access storage

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Efficient Decentralized LTL Monitoring Framework Using Tableau Technique

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ACM TRANSACTIONS ON EMBEDDED COMPUTING systemS 2019年第5期18卷 87-87页

作者： Bataineh, Omar Rosenblum, David S. Reynolds, Mark Natl Univ Singapore Sch Comp 13 Comp Dr Singapore 117417 Singapore Univ Western Australia Comp Sci & Software Engn 35 Stirling Hwy Crawley WA 6009 Australia

This paper presents a novel framework for decentralized monitoring of Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) formulas, under the situation where processes are synchronous and the formula is represented as a tableau. The tableau technique allows one to construct a semantic tree for the input LTL formula, which can be used to optimize the decentralized monitoring of LTL in various ways. Given a system P and an LTL formula phi, we construct a tableau T-phi. The tableau T-phi is used for two purposes: (a) to synthesize an efficient round-robin communication policy for processes, and (b) to find the minimal ways to decompose the formula and communicate observations of processes in an efficient way. In our framework, processes can propagate truth values of both atomic and compound formulas (non-atomic formulas) depending on the syntactic structure of the input LTL formula and the observation power of processes. We demonstrate that this approach of decentralized monitoring based on tableau construction is more straightforward, more flexible, and more likely to yield efficient solutions than alternative approaches.

关键词： Decentralized monitoring Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) tableau

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Coherent Extension, Composition, and Merging Operators in Contract Models for system Design

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ACM TRANSACTIONS ON EMBEDDED COMPUTING systemS 2019年第5期18卷 86-86页

作者： Passerone, Roberto Romeo, Inigo Incer Sangiovanni-Vincentelli, Alberto L. Univ Trento Dipartimento Ingn & Sci Informaz Via Sommar 9 I-38123 Trento Italy Univ Calif Berkeley Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci Berkeley CA 94720 USA

Contract models have been proposed to promote and facilitate reuse and distributed development. In this paper, we cast contract models into a coherent formalism used to derive general results about the properties of their operators. We study several extensions of the basic model, including the distinction between weak and strong assumptions and maximality of the specification. We then analyze the disjunction and conjunction operators, and show how they can be broken up into a sequence of simpler operations. This leads to the definition of a new contract viewpoint merging operator, which better captures the design intent in contrast to the more traditional conjunction. The adjoint operation, which we call separation, can be used to repartition the specification into different viewpoints. We show the symmetries of these operations with respect to composition and quotient.

关键词： Interface contract merging conformance separation

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Enhanced resilient sensor attack detection using fusion interval and measurement history

Enhanced resilient sensor attack detection using fusion inte...

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2018 ACM/IEEE international conference on hardware/software codesign and system synthesis, codes+isss 2018

作者： Yang, Kang Wang, Rui Jiang, Yu Luo, Chenxia Guan, Yong Li, Xiaojuan Shi, Zhiping College of Information Engineering Capital Normal University Beijing China School of Software Tsinghua University Beijing China

ISBN: (纸本)9781538655627

For the Cyber-Physical systems which are equipped with multiple sensors that measure the same physical variables, some of the sensors may be subject to malicious attacks and provide the wrong measurements to the controller, resulting in an unsafe state of the system. Although there are several methods for detecting sensor attacks, they may not work well when an attacker manipulates the sensor output very slightly or infrequently over a period of time, e.g., stealth attacks. To address this problem, we take the system dynamics model into account, and propose a novel sensor attack detection algorithm based on historical measurements and fusion intervals. The core idea is to build different fault models for different sensors, add a virtual sensor to use pairwise inconsistencies between two sensors to identify attacks. Finally, we validate the performance of the algorithm on real measurements obtained from the LEGO EV3 ground vehicle, and the results show that the proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art algorithm, especially for stealth attacks, with about 92% promotion in attack detection and identification rate. © 2018 IEEE.

关键词： Cyber Physical system

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The Opacity of Real-Time Automata

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN OF INTEGRATED CIRCUITS AND systemS 2018年第11期37卷 2845-2856页

作者： Wang, Lingtai Zhan, Naijun An, Jie Chinese Acad Sci Inst Software State Key Lab Comp Sci Beijing 100190 Peoples R China Univ Chinese Acad Sci Sch Comp Sci & Control Beijing 100190 Peoples R China Tongji Univ Sch Software Engn Shanghai 201804 Peoples R China

Opacity is an important property on information flow to guarantee that a system under attack keeps its "secrets", possibly subsets of traces (language-based opacity) or subsets of states (state-based opacity), opaque to the outside intruder with partial observability. In this paper, we investigate the opacity problems of real-time automata (RTA), which is a popular model for real-time systems. In order to prove that the language-opacity problem of RTA is decidable, we introduce the notion of trace-equivalence and then translate RTA into finite-state automata (FA) with timed alphabets. Besides, we also introduce the notions of partitioned timed alphabet and language to guarantee trace equivalence is preserved by complementation and product operations over FA with timed alphabets. Thus, our decision procedure can be sketched as follows: first, translate the RTA to model a system under attack and the RTA to specify the secret behavior of the system into FA, respectively;then, compute another FA, which accepts all traces accepted by the first FA, but not by the second one;afterwards, project these FA onto the given observable set;finally, unify the alphabets of these FA such that for any two timed actions with the same event, their time parts do not have any overlap. Thus, whether the original system is language-opaque with respect to the secret RTA and the observable set is reduced to the inclusion problem of regular languages. Similarly, we can show decidability of initial-opacity of RTA.

关键词： Decidability initial-state opacity languageopacity real-time automata (RTA) trace-equivalence

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Work-in-Progress: Runtime Requirements Monitoring for State-based hardware

Work-in-Progress: Runtime Requirements Monitoring for State-...

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international conference on hardware/software codesign and system synthesis (codes)

作者： Minjun Seo Roman Lysecky Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Arizona Tucson AZ USA

This paper presents a requirements-driven methodology enabling efficient runtime monitoring of hardware in embedded systems. We present a novel method for extracting hardware verification requirements from state-based hardware models to construct a hierarchical runtime monitoring graph (HRMG) that can be efficiently used at runtime to verify correctness.

关键词： Monitoring hardware Runtime Embedded systems Timing Unified modeling language

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