There is an increasing interest in the use of propensity score methods to estimate causal effects in obser-vational ***,recent systematic reviews have demonstrated that propensity score methods are inconsistently used...
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There is an increasing interest in the use of propensity score methods to estimate causal effects in obser-vational ***,recent systematic reviews have demonstrated that propensity score methods are inconsistently used and frequently poorly applied in the medical *** this study,we com-pared the following propensity score methods for estimating the reduction in all-cause mortality due to statin therapy for patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction:propensity-score matching,stratification using the propensity score,covariate adjustment using the propensity score,and weight-ing using the propensity *** used propensity score methods to estimate both adjusted treated effects and the absolute and relative risk reduction in all-cause *** also examined the use of statistical hypothesis testing,standardized differences,box plots,non-parametric density estimates,and quantile-quantile plots to assess residual confounding that remained after stratification or matching on the propensity *** of the absolute reduction in 3-year mortality ranged from 2.1 to 4.5 per cent,while estimates of the relative risk reduction ranged from 13.3 to 17.0 per *** estimates of the reduction in the odds of 3-year death varied from 15 to 24 per cent across the different propensity score *** ? 2005 John Wiley & Sons,Ltd.
Background:It is well recognized that treatment effects may not be homogeneous across the study *** analyses constitute a fundamental step in the assessment of evidence from confirmatory(Phase Ⅲ)clinical trials,where...
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Background:It is well recognized that treatment effects may not be homogeneous across the study *** analyses constitute a fundamental step in the assessment of evidence from confirmatory(Phase Ⅲ)clinical trials,where conclusions for the overall study population might not *** analyses can have different and distinct purposes,requiring specific design and analysis *** is relevant to evaluate methodological developments in subgroup analyses against these purposes to guide health care professionals and regulators as well as to identify gaps in current ***:We defined four purposes for subgroup analyses:(1)Investigate the consistency of treatment effects across subgroups of clinical importance,(2)Explore the treatment effect across different subgroups within an overall non-significant trial,(3)Evaluate safety profiles limited to one or a few subgroup(s),(4)Establish efficacy in the targeted subgroup when included in a confirmatory testing strategy of a single *** reviewed the methodology in line with this"purpose-based"*** review covered papers published between January 2005 and April 2015 and aimed to classify them in none,one or more of the aforementioned ***:In total 1857 potentially eligible papers were ***-eight papers were selected and 20 additional relevant papers were identified from their references,leading to 68 papers in *** were dedicated to purpose 1,16 topurpose 4,one to purpose 2 and none to purpose *** papers were dedicated to more than one purpose,the 25 remaining could not be classified *** of the methods were often not specifically indicated,methods for subgroup analysis for safety purposes were almost absent and a multitude of diverse methods were developed for purpose(1).Conclusions:It is important that researchers developing methodology for subgroup analysis explicitly clarify the objectives of their methods in terms that can
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