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probKanren: A Simple Probabilistic extension for microKanren

probKanren: A Simple Probabilistic extension for microKanren

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2021 international conference on logic programming workshops, iclp workshops 2021

作者： Zinkov, Robert Byrd, William E. Dept. of Engineering Science University of Oxford 25 Banbury Rd Oxford United Kingdom Hugh Kaul Precision Medicine Institute University of Alabama at Birmingham 705 20th Street S. BirminghamAL35233 United States

Probabilistic programming can be conceptually seen as generalisation of logic programming where instead of just returning a set of answers to a given query, we also return a probability distribution over those answers. But many contemporary probabilistic logic programming languages implementations are not simple extensions of existing logic programming languages but instead involve their own unique implementations. Here we introduce probKanren, a simple extension to microKanren that transforms it into a probabilistic programming language without needing to make any modifications to the underlying logic language’s search. We use several illustrative examples from the probabilistic programming and program synthesis literature to demonstrate the practicality of the approach. © 2021 CEUR-WS. All rights reserved.

关键词： logic programming

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Epistemic logic Programs: a Novel Perspective and Some Extensions 38

Epistemic Logic Programs: a Novel Perspective and Some Exten...

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38th international conference on logic programming workshops, iclp workshops 2022

作者： Costantini, Stefania Formisano, Andrea DISIM - Università dell’Aquila via Vetoio L’Aquila67100 Italy DMIF - Università di Udine via delle Scienze 206 Udine33100 Italy

Epistemic logic Programs (ELPs), which propose an extension to Answer Set programming (ASP) with epistemic operators, have their semantic defined, in various ways, in terms of world views, which are sets of belief sets. Several semantic approaches have in fact been proposed over time to characterize world views, and, recently, to also characterize semantic properties that should be met by any semantics for ELPs. We propose a new semantics, easy also from the computational point of view, but effective, also in order to compare the different semantic approaches. We also propose a significant extension to the ELP approach, by allowing epistemic atoms in rule heads. © 2022 Copyright for this paper by its authors.

关键词： Semantics

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Demonstrating (Hybrid) Active logic Documents and the Ciao Prolog Playground, and an Application to Verification Tutorials 39

Demonstrating (Hybrid) Active Logic Documents and the Ciao P...

引用

39th international conference on logic programming (iclp)

作者： Ferreiro, Daniela Morales, Jose F. Abreu, Salvador Hermenegildo, Manuel V. Univ Politecn Madrid UPM Madrid Spain IMDEA Software Inst Madrid Spain Univ Evora NOVA LINCS Evora Portugal

We propose a demonstration of the Active logic Documents (ALDs) approach and the Ciao Playground, as well as a recent extension to ALDs to facilitate the integration of other tools into the system for creating Hybrid ... 详细信息

关键词： Computer circuits

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Legal Compliance Checking of Autonomous Driving with Formalized Traffic Rule Exceptions 39

Legal Compliance Checking of Autonomous Driving with Formali...

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39th international conference on logic programming workshops, iclp workshops 2023

作者： Manas, Kumar Paschke, Adrian Freie Universität Berlin Department of Computer Science and Mathematics Germany Fraunhofer FOKUS Germany

Autonomous driving (AD) systems need to obey traffic rules and sometimes execute critical maneuvers that breach existing rules to ensure safe and rule-compliant driving. To endow such legal knowledge to the AD module, we need to formalize rules considering expressiveness, decidability, scalability, and adaptability. This paper critically examines possible formalization methods and demonstrates how we can model traffic rule exceptions for compliance checking of AD models. This ensures that AD systems are safe and can identify situations requiring more complex reasoning, such as exempting ongoing rule processes. We formalize legal traffic rule exceptions hierarchically and modularly in temporal logic and ground them to sensor data for assessing model compliance. Moreover, we introduce a parsed tree structure that supports and aids neural network-based models with formal rules. We evaluate our approach by monitoring vehicle trajectories against formalized traffic rules and handling rule exceptions in various traffic scenarios. Our results show that our approach can effectively represent complex traffic rules and monitor the safety and efficiency of AD systems against legal specifications. This paper contributes to the field of legal reasoning and compliance checking by providing a methodology for formalizing traffic rules from a rule-exception perspective in a machine-readable form based on sensor data limitations. 2022 Copyright for this paper by its authors.

关键词： Formal logic

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Modelling infectious disease dynamics with probabilistic logic programming

Modelling infectious disease dynamics with probabilistic log...

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2021 international conference on logic programming workshops, iclp workshops 2021

作者： Weitkämper, Felix Sarbu, Beatrice Sun, Kailin Institut für Informatik der LMU München Oettingenstr. 67 München80538 Germany Department Biologie I der LMU München Menzinger Str. 67 München80638 Germany

Motivated by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, we implemented a stochastic, network-based model of infectious disease transmission in the probabilistic logic programming language ProbLog. In this contribution, we show how probabilistic logic programming lends itself to very concise, transparent and adaptable modelling of infectious disease dynamics. We illustrate how some key features can contribute to succinct and expressive representation of epidemiological models. Our work makes full use of the compact relational representation, the support for stratified negation and flexible probabilities evaluated at run time, which are supported by the ProbLog 2 engine. © 2021 CEUR-WS. All rights reserved.

关键词： Coronavirus

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Solving B constraints with goal-directed answer set programming

Solving B constraints with goal-directed answer set programm...

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2021 international conference on logic programming workshops, iclp workshops 2021

作者： Efremidis, Alexandros Institut für Informatik Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 Düsseldorf40225 Germany

In this paper I explore a further option for solving B constraints. In particular, I develop a framework translating B predicates to s(CASP), a goal-directed form of Answer Set programming. Furthermore, the presented framework implements an interface enabling B predicates to be solved by the s(CASP) engine within the ProB tool as an additional backend. This paper particularly focuses on the translation process and on empirically evaluating the framework’s performance by comparing it to the native, Kodkod and Z3 backend of ProB. This work poses a foundation for future development regarding the translation of B predicates to goal-directed Answer Set programming and s(CASP) specifically. Further, this framework can be used to aid the verification of other solvers’ correctness. © 2021 CEUR-WS. All rights reserved.

关键词： logic programming

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Semantically Guided Scene Generation via Contextual Reasoning and Algebraic Measures 39

Semantically Guided Scene Generation via Contextual Reasonin...

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39th international conference on logic programming workshops, iclp workshops 2023

作者： Bozzato, Loris Eiter, Thomas Kiesel, Rafael Stepanova, Daria Fondazione Bruno Kessler Via Sommarive 18 Trento38123 Italy Bosch Center for Artificial Intelligence Renningen Germany Institute of Logic and Computation Technische Universität Wien Favoritenstraße 9-11 ViennaA-1040 Austria

We recently presented the MR-CKR framework to reason with knowledge overriding across contexts organized in multi-relational hierarchies. Reasoning is realized via ASP with Algebraic Measures, allowing for flexible definitions of preferences. In this paper, we show how to apply our theoretical work to autonomous-vehicle scene data: we apply MR-CKR to the problem of generating challenging scenes for autonomous vehicle learning. In practice, most of the scene data for AV learning models common situations, thus it might be difficult to capture cases where a particular situation occurs (e.g. partial occlusions of a crossing pedestrian). The MR-CKR model allows for data organization exploiting the multi-dimensionality of such data (e.g., temporal and spatial dimension). Reasoning over multiple contexts enables the verification and configuration of scenes, using the combination of different scene ontologies. We describe a framework for semantically guided data generation, based on a combination of MR-CKR and algebraic measures. The framework is implemented in a proof-of-concept prototype exemplifying some cases of scene generation. 2023 Copyright for this paper by its authors.

关键词： Autonomous vehicles

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Integration of logical English and s(CASP) 38

Integration of Logical English and s(CASP)

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38th international conference on logic programming workshops, iclp workshops 2022

作者： Sartor, Galileo Dávila, Jacinto Billi, Marco Contissa, Giuseppe Pisano, Giuseppe Kowalski, Robert Department of Computing University of Turin Turin Italy Contratos Lógicos. C.A. Universidad de Los Andes Mérida Venezuela Department of Law University of Bologna Bologna Italy Department of Computing Imperial College London United Kingdom

This paper demonstrates the use of logical English as a logic programming language that can be interpreted by the s(CASP) reasoner. It shows how legal knowledge and unknown information can be expressed in a form of English that can be easily understood by users without any technical training and with only a basic knowledge of English. This research has been undertaken in the context of the CrossJustice Project. © 2022 Copyright for this paper by its authors.

关键词： logic programming

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Top-down splitting property for epistemic logic programs

Top-down splitting property for epistemic logic programs

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2021 international conference on logic programming workshops, iclp workshops 2021

作者： Costantini, Stefania DISIM Università dell’Aquila Italy

In this paper we consider Epistemic logic Programs (ELPs), which extend Answer Set programming (ASP) with "epistemic operators". There are several approaches to the semantics of such programs in terms of World Views, which are sets of belief sets. Recent work has proposed an analysis of the structure of ELPs in terms of a concept of "splitting", in order to be able to modularly compute their semantics in a bottom-up fashion, analogously to ‘traditional’ ASP. The proposal is brilliant but the problem is, that few of the semantics that have been proposed so far enjoy this new "Epistemic Splitting Property". Thus, the notion of modular computation of world views does not work for most of the cases. We analyse the possibility to change the perspective about how to exploit a splitting, shifting from a bottom-up to a top-down approach. Our new definition: (i) copes with concerns regarding, e.g. "unfoundedness" of world views and "subjective constraint monotonicity";(ii) is applicable to many of the existing semantics;(iii) coincides with the bottom-up notion of splitting on a significant class of programs. © 2021 CEUR-WS. All rights reserved.

关键词： Semantics

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Semantic Analysis of Assurance Cases using s(CASP) 39

Semantic Analysis of Assurance Cases using s(CASP)

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39th international conference on logic programming workshops, iclp workshops 2023

作者： Murugesan, Anitha Wong, Isaac Hong Stroud, Robert Arias, Joaquín Salazar, Elmer Gupta, Gopal Bloomfield, Robin Varadarajan, Srivatsan Rushby, John Honeywell Aerospace United States United Kingdom CETINIA - Universidad Rey Juan Carlos Spain University of Texas Dallas United States SRI International United States

The use of assurance cases is gaining popularity, particularly in the safety-critical system industry, as an organized approach to submitting documentation for the safety and security certification of systems. However, these arguments can become overwhelming and complicated, even for moderately complex systems. Therefore, there is a compelling requirement to develop new automation strategies that can aid in creating and assessing assurance cases. Existing assurance-case tools primarily automate syntactic analysis, focusing on structural completeness, while providing limited or no support for semantically evaluating the logical aspects of the assurance case. In prior work, we introduced a framework called Assurance 2.0, which aims to enhance the rigor of assurance cases by emphasizing the reasoning process, evidence utilized, and explicit identification of counter-claims (defeaters) and counter-evidence. In this paper, we present a new approach to enhancing Assurance 2.0 by incorporating semantic rule-based analysis capabilities. Firstly, we systematically convert the assurance case into Prolog predicates and constraints. Then, leveraging the analysis capabilities of the s(CASP), a goal-directed top-down solver for Constraints Answer Set Programs, we evaluate the semantic properties of assurance cases, including logical consistency, completeness, and indefeasibility. The application of these analyses provides both authors and evaluators with higher confidence when assessing the assurance case. 2023 Copyright for this paper by its authors.

关键词： Syntactics

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