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Reasoning about Independence in Open Universe Probabilistic logic Programs

Reasoning about Independence in Open Universe Probabilistic ...

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2021 international conference on logic programming workshops, iclp workshops 2021

作者： Rückschloß, Kilian Weitkämper, Felix Lehr- und Forschungseinheit für Programmier- und Modellierungssprachen Institut für Informatik Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Oettingenstraße 67 MünchenD-80538 Germany

In the 1980’s J. Pearl and T. Verma [1] developed a graphical criterion to reason about probabilistic independence in Bayesian networks, which is famously known as d-separation. As J. Vennekens and S. Verbaeten [2, §5.2] pointed out in 2003, ground acyclic probabilistic logic programs correspond to Bayesian networks. Hence, we can pass from an acyclic ground program to the associated Bayesian network in order to derive independence statements from d-separation. In the present paper we lift this procedure so as to reason about independence in open universe probabilistic logic programs. © 2021 CEUR-WS. All rights reserved.

关键词： Bayesian networks

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Formalizing informal logic and natural language deductivism

Formalizing informal logic and natural language deductivism

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2021 international conference on logic programming workshops, iclp workshops 2021

作者： Gupta, Gopal Varanasi, Sarat Basu, Kinjal Chen, Zhuo Salazar, Elmer Shakerin, Farhad Erbatur, Serdar Li, Fang Wang, Huaduo Xu, Zesheng Arias, Joaquín Hall, Brendan Driscoll, Kevin University of Texas at Dallas Richardson United States Universidad Rey Juan Carlos Madrid Spain Honeywell Corp MinneapolisMN United States

Formalizing the human thought process has been considered fiendishly difficult. The field of informal logic has been developed in recognition of this difficulty. Work in informal logic interprets an argument as an attempt to present evidence for a conclusion. Holloway and Wasson have developed a primer to establish the terms, concepts, principles, and uses of arguments. We argue that recent advances in formal logic, especially incorporation of negation as failure, facilitate the formalization of the human thought process. These advances help formalize concepts that were hitherto thought of as impossible to formalize. We show how the paradigm of answer set programming can be used to formalize all the concepts presented in Holloway and Wasson’s primer. © 2021 CEUR-WS. All rights reserved.

关键词： Formal logic

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Unmanned Aerial Vehicle compliance checking using Goal-Directed Answer Set programming 38

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle compliance checking using Goal-Direc...

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38th international conference on logic programming workshops, iclp workshops 2022

作者： Varanasi, Sarat Chandra Meng, Baoluo Alexander, Christopher Borgyos, Szabolcs Hall, Brendan General Electric Research NiskayunaNY United States The University of Texas at Dallas RichardsonTX United States

We present a novel application of Goal-Directed Answer Set programming that digitizes the model aircraft operator’s compliance verification against the Academy of Model Aircrafts (AMA) safety code. The AMA safety code regulates how AMA flyers operate Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) for limited recreational purposes. Flying drones and their operators are subject to various rules before and after the operation of the aircraft to ensure safe flights. In this paper, we leverage Goal-Directed Answer Set programming to encode the AMA safety code and automate compliance checks. To check compliance, we use the s(CASP), a goal-directed ASP engine. By using s(CASP) the operators can easily check for violations and obtain a justification tree explaining the cause of the violations in human-readable natural language. We develop a front end questionnaire interface that accepts various conditions and uses s(CASP) as backend engine to evaluate whether the conditions adhere to the regulations. We also leverage s(CASP) implemented in SWI-Prolog, where SWI-Prolog exposes the reasoning capabilities of s(CASP) as a REST service. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first application of ASP in the AMA and Avionics Compliance and Certification space. © 2022 Copyright for this paper by its authors.

关键词： Antennas

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Natural language question answering with goal-directed answer set programming

Natural language question answering with goal-directed answe...

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2021 international conference on logic programming workshops, iclp workshops 2021

作者： Basu, Kinjal Gupta, Gopal University of Texas at Dallas RichardsonTX United States

Understanding the meaning of a text is a fundamental challenge of natural language understanding (NLU) research. An ideal NLU system should process a language in a way that is not exclusive to a single task or a dataset. To do so, knowledge driven generalized semantic representation for English text is utmost important for any NLU applications. Ideally, for any realistic (human like) NLU system, commonsense reasoning must be an integral part of it and goal directed answer-set-programming (ASP) is indispensable to do commonsense reasoning. Keeping all of these in mind, we have developed various NLU application ranging from visual question answering to a conversational agent. In contrast to existing purely machine learning-based methods for the same tasks, we have shown, our applications not only maintain high accuracy but also provides explanation for the answer it computes. © 2021 CEUR-WS. All rights reserved.

关键词： Semantics

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A short tutorial on s(CASP), a goal-directed execution of constraint answer set programs

A short tutorial on s(CASP), a goal-directed execution of co...

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2021 international conference on logic programming workshops, iclp workshops 2021

作者： Arias, Joaquín Gupta, Gopal Carro, Manuel CETINIA Universidad Rey Juan Carlos Madrid Spain University of Texas at Dallas Richardson United States IMDEA Software Institute Madrid Spain Universidad Politécnica de Madrid Spain

This paper presents a short tutorial on s(CASP), highlighting some of the novel aspects and the reasons for its design. The most important aspect of s(CASP) is its goal-directed top-down execution model that implements Constraints Answer Set programming. The execution strategy of s(CAPS) avoids the grounding phase, present in most ASP systems, and can constraint variables that, as in CLP, are kept during the execution and in the answer sets. Additionally, s(CASP) generates a human-understandable justifications (in natural language) of the resulting answer sets. s(CASP) is implemented in Prolog (currently available for Ciao and SWI Prolog) and has been used in several applications, including medical advisors, avionic, legal reasoner, XAI, and natural language processing. © 2021 CEUR-WS. All rights reserved.

关键词： PROLOG (programming language)

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A Probabilistic logic Model of Lightning Network 24th

A Probabilistic Logic Model of Lightning Network

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24th international conference on Business Information Systems (BIS)

作者： Azzolini, Damiano Riguzzi, Fabrizio Bellodi, Elena Lamma, Evelina Univ Ferrara Dipartimento Ingn Via Saragat 1 I-44122 Ferrara Italy Univ Ferrara Dipartimento Matemat & Informat Via Saragat 1 I-44122 Ferrara Italy

ISBN: (纸本)9783031042164;9783031042157

One of the main limitations of blockchain systems based on Proof of Work is scalability, making them unsuitable for e-commerce and small payments. Currently, one of the principal directions to overcome the scalability issue is to use the so-called "layer two" solutions, like Lightning Network, where users can open channels and send payments through them. In this paper, we propose a Probabilistic logic model of Lightning Network, and we show how it can be adopted to compute several properties of it. We conduct some experiments to prove the applicability of the model, rather than providing a comprehensive analysis of the network.

关键词： Probabilistic logic programming Blockchain Lightning Network

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Answer set programming with epistemic defaults

Answer set programming with epistemic defaults

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2021 international conference on logic programming workshops, iclp workshops 2021

作者： Zhang, Shutao Zhang, Zhizheng Shen, Jun School of Computer Science and Engineering Southeast University China

Answer Set Prolog (ASP) and its extensions are considered powerful tools for encoding defaults. However, some defaults that are usually originated from permitted modal expressions seem hard to deal with through ASP and its existing extensions. In this paper, we develop two extensions of ASP, which are called ASPD and ESD, by introducing permitted operators. The former uses an operator C preceding a literal to express the literal is permitted to be true in the current belief set. The latter extends Epistemic Specification (ES) with an epistemic operator A preceding a literal to express the literal is permitted to be true in some belief sets. The syntax and semantics of ASPD and ESD are introduced sequentially. Then, the relationship between ESD and the ES is carefully discussed to show the difference between epistemic operators M and A. Besides, several examples in the paper are used to illustrate the necessity of using permitted operators in ASP and its extensions. © 2021 CEUR-WS. All rights reserved.

关键词： Specifications

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A Collection of Tangible Theory Instruments for Design Anthropology 23

A Collection of Tangible Theory Instruments for Design Anthr...

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17th international conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction, TEI 2023

作者： Buur, Jacob Karyda, Mary Kjærsgaard, Mette Gislev Sorenson, Jessica Aça, Ayse Özge Antonelli, Michela Department of Design and Communication University of Southern Denmark Denmark

ISBN: (纸本)9781450399777

We propose Theory Instruments, a novel kind of tangible tool, to bring perspective shifts and new vocabulary into design projects and organisations. They aim to bridge disciplinary gaps among practitioners. In this pictorial, we present six Theory Instruments with instructions in cutouts, so practitioners can put them into action. To test the Theory Instruments, we conducted workshops with ten companies from various sectors. With the tangibles, practitioners investigated the interconnectedness of their products, the use contexts, and user experiences. They also unfolded internal interaction design practices. We contribute to Design Anthropology by mapping anthropological theories onto material structures that increase sensitivity to human practices. © 2023 ACM.

关键词： Computer programming

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The OpenMP Cluster programming Model 51

The OpenMP Cluster Programming Model

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51st international conference on Parallel Processing (ICPP)

作者： Yviquel, Herve Pereira, Marcio Francesquini, Emilio Valarini, Guilherme Leite, Gustavo Rosso, Pedro Ceccato, Rodrigo Cusihualpa, Carla Dias, Vitoria Rigo, Sandro Souza, Alan Araujo, Guido Univ Campinas UNICAMP Campinas Brazil Petrobras SA Rio De Janeiro Brazil

ISBN: (纸本)9781450394451

Despite the various research initiatives and proposed programming models, efficient solutions for parallel programming in HPC clusters still rely on a complex combination of different programming models (e.g., OpenMP and MPI), languages (e.g., C++ and CUDA), and specialized runtimes (e.g., Charm++ and Legion). On the other hand, task parallelism has shown to be an efficient and seamless programming model for clusters. This paper introduces OpenMP Cluster (OMPC), a task-parallel model that extends OpenMP for cluster programming. OMPC leverages OpenMP's offloading standard to distribute annotated regions of code across the nodes of a distributed system. To achieve that it hides MPI-based data distribution and load-balancing mechanisms behind OpenMP task dependencies. Given its compliance with OpenMP, OMPC allows applications to use the same programming model to exploit intra- and internode parallelism, thus simplifying the development process and maintenance. We evaluated OMPC using Task Bench, a synthetic benchmark focused on task parallelism, comparing its performance against other distributed runtimes. Experimental results show that OMPC can deliver up to 1.53x and 2.43x better performance than Charm++ on CCR and scalability experiments, respectively. Experiments also show that OMPC performance weakly scales for both Task Bench and a real-world seismic imaging application.

关键词： Parallel programming Concurrent programming HPC

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logic programming for XAI: A technical perspective

Logic programming for XAI: A technical perspective

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2021 international conference on logic programming workshops, iclp workshops 2021

作者： State, Laura Department of Computer Science University of Pisa Largo B. Pontecorvo 3 Pisa56127 Italy Scuola Normale Superiore Piazza dei Cavalieri 7 Pisa56126 Italy

Our world is increasingly shaped by Artificial Intelligence systems, from search engines over automated hiring algorithms to self-driving cars. Being also used in high-stake decisions, their impact on the life of individuals is huge. Thus it becomes exceedingly important to sceptically review their limitations. One alarming problem is their uptake and reinforcement of existing social biases, as found in many different domains (criminal justice, facial recognition, credit scoring etc). It is complemented by the inherent opaqueness of the most accurate AI systems, making it impossible to understand details of their internal workings. The field of Explainable Artificial Intelligence is trying to address these problems. However, there are several challenges in the field, and we will start this work by pointing them out. We put forward a set of technical pathways, drawing from logic programming. Specifically, we propose using Constraint logic programming to construct explanations that incorporate prior knowledge, as well as Meta-Reasoning to track model and explanation changes over time. © 2021 CEUR-WS. All rights reserved.

关键词： Search engines

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