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Acoustic Atlas - Auralisation in the Browser

Acoustic Atlas - Auralisation in the Browser

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Conference on immersive and 3d audio - from architecture to automotive (i3da)

作者： van Tonder, Cobi Lopez, Mariana Univ York Dept Theatre Film Televis & Interact Media York N Yorkshire England

ISBN: (纸本)9781665409988

The Acoustic Atlas project, funded by the European Commission, explores a new model for experiencing acoustic heritage data in the form of room impulse responses (RiRs), as real-time auralisations. The browser-based Web audio application functions on any smart mobile device or computer running a web browser. it utilises the built-in microphone and headphone output of the device to transport the user to a selected heritage site via headphones and a live microphone feed. Users are able to emit sounds to hear the reflections from a first-person point-of-hearing. Researchers in the field of heritage acoustics have advocated for the importance of acoustical studies and their historical, artistic and spiritual value. However, heritage sites still prioritise dissemination through visual means, such as maps, 3d models, photographs and videos. Where acoustic research is available, it is mostly published in text form through the analysis of objective acoustical parameters. When attempting to access auralisations, the search becomes difficult and fragmented. Acoustic Atlas provides real-time auralisations to wide audiences, beyond those already working in the field of heritage acoustics and, as a result, contributes to the awareness of the importance of listening and the preservation of sonic heritage. The present paper explores the web architecture of the project that utilises the Web audio APi and *** which currently enables auralisations at acceptable latency. it also looks into achieving synchronisation between B-format RiRs and 360 head positioning in the browser, in real-time.

关键词： Auralisation Heritage Acoustics 3d audio immersive audio Web audio Composition

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audio effects for multi-source auralisations

Audio effects for multi-source auralisations

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Conference on immersive and 3d audio - from architecture to automotive (i3da)

作者： Christensen, Claus Lynge Koutsouris, George Richard, Antoine Rindel, Jens Holger Odeon AS Lyngby Denmark

ISBN: (纸本)9781665409988

implementing multi-source auralisations is essential for comprehensive acoustic studies of concert halls, operas, restaurants and other spaces, where many sound sources are active. Nowadays, room simulation programs and computers are fast enough to calculate the many impulse responses required for such auralisations, in short time. However, setting up the calculations for the entire ensemble of sources and corresponding signals requires a lot of time-consuming manual work and a large number of recorded source signals. To facilitate the process of creating multiple source signals, with sufficient variation for auralisation, a set of audio effects has been developed in the OdEON Room Acoustics Software [1]. The effects can be combined together and help to create a population of incoherent output signals by varying certain attributes of just a single input signal. Two examples are: a) A group of violins, composed of several signals that have been generated as variations of just one violin recording, using individually randomized Chorus, Spectrum and amplitude effects. b) A number of speech signals with a given output length, created by performing randomized pitch change, tempo shift and random amplitude modulation. The length of the output speech signal can be obtained by time shifting and repeating each of the processed signals with pauses of random length in-between until the desired total length is obtained.

关键词： amplitude modulation auralisation audio effects audio processing chorus effect phase vocoder room acoustic simulations

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A Modular, Low Latency, A²B-based architecture for distributed Multichannel Full-digital audio Systems

A Modular, Low Latency, A<SUP>2</SUP>B-based Architecture fo...

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Conference on immersive and 3d audio - from architecture to automotive (i3da)

作者： Rocchi, Nicholas Toscani, Andrea Pinardi, daniel Binelli, Marco Chiesi, Lorenzo Farina, Angelo Bonomi, Elia Tronchin, Lamberto Univ Parma Dept Engn & Architecture Parma Italy Univ Bologna Dept Architecture Bologna Italy

ISBN: (纸本)9781665409988

despite the increasing demand for multichannel audio systems, existing solutions are still mainly analog or audio-over-iP based, leading to well-known limitations: bulky wiring, high latency (0.5-2 ms), and expensive devices for protocol stack management. This paper presents a cost-effective, low latency, full-digital solution that overcomes all the previously mentioned problems. The proposed architecture is based on the new automotive audio Bus (A(2)B) protocol. it guarantees deterministic latency of 2 samples, 32 downstream/upstream channels over a single Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) cable and phase-aligned signals. A single A(2)B chip is required for each node, reducing dramatically the system cost. The developed architecture is composed by a main board and an A(2)B network. The main board handles up to 64 channels, and it converts standard protocols usually employed for audio signal delivery, such as AES10, AVB and AES67, into A(2)B streams and vice versa. The A(2)B network can include a series of devices, for instance power amplifiers, codecs, dSPs, and transducers. There are many application examples including, but not limited to, transducer arrays (e.g., microphone, loudspeaker, accelerometer arrays), audio distribution in meeting rooms, Wave Field Synthesis (WFS), Ambisonics immersive audio systems and Active Noise Control (ANC). A modular and portable WFS system was developed employing the above-described architecture. it is based on eight channels soundbars, which can be daisy-chained in reconfigurable geometries and featuring up to 192 channels.

关键词： A(2)B bus AES10 Ambisonics AVB class-d amplifier spatial audio WFS

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Enabling Head-Tracking for Binaural Sound Reproduction Based on Bilateral Ambisonics

Enabling Head-Tracking for Binaural Sound Reproduction Based...

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Conference on immersive and 3d audio - from architecture to automotive (i3da)

作者： Berebi, Or Rafaely, Boaz Ben-Hur, Zamir Alon, david Lou Ben Gurion Univ Negev Sch Elect & Comp Engn IL-84105 Beer Sheva Israel Facebook Facebook Real Labs Res 1 Hacker Way Menlo Pk CA 94025 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781665409988

Recent progress in virtual and augmented reality technology has highlighted the need for high-quality spatial sound recording and reproduction for headphones playback. This process of high-quality binaural reproduction typically requires a high-order spatial representation of the sound field, which, in turn, demands a complex recording system and a large number of microphones. in an attempt to overcome this obstacle, a recent study presented a method, denoted Bilateral Ambisonics, that enables the rendering of high-quality binaural signals in terms of spatial perception. This is done by capturing the sound field with two low-order microphone arrays located at the assumed position of the listener's ears. Currently, however, binaural reproduction with Bilateral Ambisonics does not support head tracking. in this paper, a mathematical model for enabling three-degrees-of-freedom head-tracking in the context of Bilateral Ambisonics is developed. The method is based on rotation and translation operations, and offers insights into bilateral head-tracking performance limits. The method is studied numerically by computer simulations.

关键词： Binaural Reproduction Ambisonics Head-Tracking Spatial audio Spherical-Harmonics

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Simplifying head-related transfer function measurements: A system for use in regular rooms based on free head movements

Simplifying head-related transfer function measurements: A s...

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Conference on immersive and 3d audio - from architecture to automotive (i3da)

作者： Bau, david Lubeck, Tim Arend, Johannes M. dziwis, damian Porschmann, Christoph TH Koln Univ Appl Sci Inst Commun Engn Cologne Germany Tech Univ Berlin Audio Commun Grp Berlin Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781665409988

The use of individual head-related transfer functions (HRTFs) can improve the quality of binaural reproduction in virtual acoustic environments. However, measuring individual HRTFs for a large number of directions is usually challenging in terms of time, effort, hardware, and setup requirements. This work presents an HRTF measurement system that can be easily used in regular rooms with a simple measurement setup. The system is based on a stationary loudspeaker and a commercially available tracking system for precise tracking of the subject's head movements. Subjects can first measure their HRTFs for any number of freely selectable directions. in a second step, they can be guided with the help of an algorithm that suggests additional measurement positions for more uniform spherical coverage. from the resulting measurements on an individual and usually sparse sampling grid, a dense spherical HRTF set is obtained using state-of-the-art spatial upsampling methods. Besides presenting the measurement system, the present work also discusses some of the challenges encountered in designing and developing such a tool.

关键词： spatial audio acoustic measurement head-related transfer functions spherical harmonics individual HRTF

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Spatial audio quality factors for headphone evaluation

Spatial audio quality factors for headphone evaluation

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Conference on immersive and 3d audio - from architecture to automotive (i3da)

作者： Soeta, Yoshiharu Ooi, Sho Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol Biomed Res Inst Osaka Japan Ritsumeikan Univ Coll Informat Sci & Engn Kusatsu Shiga Japan

ISBN: (纸本)9781665409988

Comparison of acoustic characteristics of headphones is a major concern during design or product selection. There are several specifications for the acoustic characteristics, such as frequency response, impedance, sensitivity, and so on. They rarely provide hints for a comparison between devices. in addition, spatial impression is a major subjective attribute for evaluations of a sound field, it has not been considered enough for evaluations of headphones. in this study, we focused on the comparison of headphones by acoustical measurements to find the acoustical factors that explain the spatial audio quality reproduced by headphones. Power and phase spectrum, and acoustic parameters such as the maximum amplitude of the interaural cross-correlation function (iACC) and the interaural time delay (iTd) were calculated from the impulse response. Four music pieces and one natural sound were sent through the headphones and recorded through a head and torso simulator (HATS) with binaural microphones. The recorded signals were analyzed by factors extracted from the interaural cross-correlation function (iACF). There are three factors extracted from the iACF. They are iACC, iTd, and the width of the iACF. The different frequency response represented in the specification of each headphone was confirmed by the magnitude spectrum of the impulse response. The difference of spatial audio quality among headphones was represented by the iACF factors.

关键词： spatial audio quality impulse response interaural cross-correlation function

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Effect of Acoustic Scene Complexity and Visual Scene Representation on Auditory Perception in Virtual audio-Visual Environments

Effect of Acoustic Scene Complexity and Visual Scene Represe...

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Conference on immersive and 3d audio - from architecture to automotive (i3da)

作者： Fichna, Stefan Biberger, Thomas Seeber, Bernhard U. Ewert, Stephan d. Carl von Ossietzky Univ Oldenburg Med Phys Oldenburg Germany Tech Univ Munich Audio Informat Proc Munich Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781665409988

in daily life, social interaction and acoustic communication often take place in complex acoustic environments (CAE) with a variety of interfering sounds and reverberation. For hearing research and the evaluation of hearing systems, simulated CAEs using virtual reality techniques have gained interest in the context of ecological validity. in the current study, the effect of scene complexity and visual representation of the scene on psychoacoustic measures like sound source location, distance perception, loudness, speech intelligibility, and listening effort in a virtual audio-visual environment was investigated. A 3-dimensional, 86-channel loudspeaker array was used to render the sound field in combination with or without a head-mounted display (HMd) to create an immersive stereoscopic visual representation of the scene. The scene consisted of a ring of eight (virtual) loudspeakers which played a target speech stimulus and nonsense speech interferers in several spatial conditions. Either an anechoic (snowy outdoor scenery) or echoic environment (loft apartment) with a reverberation time (T60) of about 1.5 s was simulated. in addition to varying the number of interferers, scene complexity was varied by assessing the psychoacoustic measures in isolated consecutive measurements or simultaneously. Results showed no significant effect of wearing the HMd on the data. Loudness and distance perception showed significantly different results when they were measured simultaneously instead of consecutively in isolation. The advantage of the suggested setup is that it can be directly transferred to a corresponding real room, enabling a 1:1 comparison and verification of the perception experiments in the real and virtual environment.

关键词： complex acoustic environments psychoacoustics virtual reality head-mounted display virtual acoustic environments

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development and analysis of decorrelation filters for binaural rendering of audio definition Model content

Development and analysis of decorrelation filters for binaur...

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Conference on immersive and 3d audio - from architecture to automotive (i3da)

作者： Reich, Galen Pike, Chris Nixon, Thomas British Broadcasting Corp BBC Res & Dev London England British Broadcasting Corp BBC Res & Dev Salford Lancs England

ISBN: (纸本)9781665409988

This paper presents the development and analysis of decorrelation filters for use in the binaural EBU AdM renderer (BEAR). The BEAR renders binaural audio from AdM-defined input using a virtual loudspeaker array. decorrelation filters are used to improve the perception of audio source extent, and play an important part in the rendering of spatial audio. Several preexisting decorrelation techniques are described, and the novel phase-controlled noise filter is presented. The phase-controlled noise is parametrized to provide a flexible trade-off between decorrelation performance and temporal smearing. A listening experiment was used to investigate the perception of timbral and spatial characteristics of differently decorrelated audio sources. Seven candidate filter sets were included in the evaluation, which used the BEAR system to generate stimuli. Results showed that an exponentially-decaying white noise filter introduced the least colouration while also giving increased width over the reference at the frontal source position. The phase-controlled noise filter was shown to have comparable performance to alternative designs, but did not reduce colouration as desired. The perceived source width of the "point-source" reference was already quite wide and not all decorrelation filters provided significant increases in width at the frontal source position. At the lateral source position, no filters led to an increase in width over the reference, and sources were perceived to be narrower generally, with a corresponding increase in perceived distance. Future work could investigate the parameter space of decorrelation filter design in more detail with auditory modelling and an improved listening experiment method could be explored.

关键词： Binaural audio binaural rendering audio definition Model Next Generation audio object-based audio decorrelation filter audio signal processing spatial audio

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Validation of a Practical Spatial Soundfield Reproduction System Using a directional Microphone

Validation of a Practical Spatial Soundfield Reproduction Sy...

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Conference on immersive and 3d audio - from architecture to automotive (i3da)

作者： dickins, Glenn Akbar, Noman Australian Natl Univ Coll Engn & Comp Sci Sydney NSW Australia Dickins Audio Audinate Sydney NSW Australia Australian Natl Univ Coll Engn & Comp Sci Canberra ACT Australia

ISBN: (纸本)9781665409988

Spatial soundfield reconstruction using loudspeaker arrays has a well-established theoretical treatment in the existing literature. Theoretically, the accurate control region of a fourth-order soundfield is smaller than a listener's head at 4kHz. in real-world audio systems, loudspeaker imperfections, acoustic reflections, and the presence of an observer further reduce the accuracy. Such systems are useful for presenting acoustic scenes and have shown promise as a tool for testing consumer audio devices. This apparent contradiction is resolved by noting the theoretical metric is a tight bound on worst-case error - sufficient but perhaps not necessary. Loudspeaker arrays are often constructed for demonstrations, however very few are independently validated. Furthermore, psycho-acoustic experiments suggest that listening tests may be biased towards systems that are decorrelated to reduce spatial aliasing. As such, a suitable metric is required to assess the utility of soundfield replication for test and measurement. We propose a high-directivity shotgun microphone as an independent objective observer. The microphone's 150mm interference tube provides a smooth and frequency invariant baseline polar response when measured on a turntable. Using a 26-channel loudspeaker array, we simulate plane waves from matching directions. Comparing the two polar responses provides a visual representation of the theoretical and practical errors and limitations. Additional sensitivity analysis can be obtained by moving the microphone away from the array center. This work contributes a tool to more meaningfully frame and progress the research challenges for actual soundfield reproduction systems.

关键词： soundfield spatial audio speaker array microphone array directional microphone

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Towards determining thresholds for room divergence: A pilot study on perceived externalization

Towards determining thresholds for room divergence: A pilot ...

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Conference on immersive and 3d audio - from architecture to automotive (i3da)

作者： Gari, Sebastia V. Amengual Hassager, Henrik G. Klein, Florian Arend, Johannes M. Robinson, Philip W. Facebook Real Labs Res Facebook Inc Redmond WA 98052 USA GN Grp GN Audio Copenhagen Denmark TU Ilmenau Inst Media Technol Ilmenau Germany TH Koln Univ Appl Sci Inst Commun Engn Cologne Germany Facebook Real Labs Res Redmond WA USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781665409988

in binaural rendering, the room divergence effect refers to the decrease on perceived externalization due to the mismatch between the room acoustics of the virtual sounds and those of the listening space. in this work we report on the results of a 2-AFC pilot experiment where 5 expert subjects evaluated the impact of the room divergence effect by comparing real sources and head-tracked virtual sounds generated using the Binaural Spatial decomposition Method (BSdM) presented over headphones. By applying an exponential weighting function on the measured room impulse responses (RiR) we render binaural RiRs with arbitrary reverberation time (RT), ranging from 50% to 150% of the original RT, while maintaining the temporal and spatial patterns of the original RiR. Preliminary results for a test conducted in a small room (RT similar or equal to 0.55 s at 1 kHz) suggest that the perceived externalization degree depends on the played stimulus, and progressively degrades with an increasing mismatch. Castanets sounds present externalization ratings comparable to those of a real loudspeaker for RTs ranging from similar to 90% to similar to 125%, while for male speech the externalization ratings degrade significantly for sounds with RTs greater than similar to 110%. Furthermore, we discuss the potential effects of listener adaptation to virtual sounds and its impact on the externalization ratings.

关键词： room divergence binaural reverberation

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