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Stereo vision for small targets in IR image sequences

Stereo vision for small targets in IR image sequences

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13th conference on signal and data processing of small targets

作者： Jutzi, B Gabler, R Jaeger, K FGAN FOM Res Inst Optron & Pattern Recognit D-76275 Ettlingen Germany

ISBN: (纸本)0819441872

Surveillance systems against missile attacks require the automatic detection of targets with low false alarm rate (FAR). Infrared Search and Track (IRST) systems offer a passive detection of threats at long ranges. For maximum reaction time and the arrangement of counter measurements, it is necessary to declare the objects as early as possible. For this purpose the detection and tracking algorithms have to deal with point objects. Conventional object features like shape, size and texture are usually unreliable for small objects. More reliable features of point objects are three-dimensional spatial position and velocity. At least two sensors observing the same scene are required for multi-ocular stereo vision. Mainly three steps are relevant for successful stereo image processing. First of all the precise camera calibration (estimating the intrinsic and extrinsic parameters) is necessary to satisfy the demand of high degree of accuracy, especially for long range targets. Secondly the correspondence problem for the detected objects must be solved. thirdly the three-dimensional location of the potential target has to be determined by projective transformation. For an evaluation a measurement campaign to capture image data was carried out with real targets using two identical IR cameras and additionally synthetic IR image sequences have been generated and processed. In this paper a straightforward solution for stereo analysis based on stationary bin-ocular sensors is presented, the current results are shown and suggestions for future work are given.

关键词： IRST infrared stereo multiple target tracking point targets image sequence processing false alarms camera calibration projective reconstruction

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A comparison of recursive angle-only target tracking algorithms

A comparison of recursive angle-only target tracking algorit...

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13th conference on signal and data processing of small targets

作者： Elliott, RJ Dufour, F Malcolm, WP Univ Calgary Fac Management Calgary AB T2N 1N4 Canada

ISBN: (纸本)0819441872

In this article we consider estimation for a discrete-time hybrid dynamical system. Hybrid dynamical systems arise quite naturally in many estimation problems, for example target tracking in a maneuvering target scenario. the most commonly used suboptimal estimation algorithm for the problem class just described, is the so called Interacting Multiple Model (IMM) algorithm. In the work presented here, angle-only target tracking problems are considered, in particular we consider scenarios including maneuvering targets. One approach to this class of problem is to apply the IMM scheme. Using the scheme in Elliott and Dufour,(1) we compute estimates of position and velocity for a maneuvering target when only the target bearing is available. these estimates are compared to the IMM scheme applied to the same problem. It is shown that the algorithm proposed in Elliott and Dufour(1) offers significant improvements over the IMM scheme.

关键词： angle-only tracking hybrid dynamics maneuvering targets reference probability

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Advanced detection and correlation based automatic target recognition

Advanced detection and correlation based automatic target re...

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11th conference on Automatic Target Recognition

作者： Mahalanobis, A Muise, R Lockheed Martin Orlando FL 32819 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819440744

Recognizing targets in infra-red (IR) images has been a long-standing and challenging problem. In this paper we outline a combination of detection methods based on optimized feature discrimination and correlation based classification techniques that demonstrate an improvement ability to separate target from clutter. Preliminary results are shown on a small subset of data obtained from NVESD to illustrate the possible performance gains.

关键词： Target detection Automatic target recognition Sensors Image processing Detection and tracking algorithms Image filtering signal to noise ratio Target recognition Feature extraction Infrared imaging

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3-D track initiation in clutter using 2-D measurements

3-D track initiation in clutter using 2-D measurements

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13th conference on signal and data processing of small targets

作者： Lin, L Kirubarajan, T Bar-Shalom, Y Univ Connecticut Dept ECE Storrs CT 06269 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819441872

In this paper we present an algorithm for initiating 3-D tracks using range and azimuth (bearing) measurements from a 2-D radar on a moving platform. the work is motivated by the need to track possibly low-flying targets, e.g., cruise missiles, using reports from an aircraft-based surveillance radar. Previous work on this problem considered simple linear motion in a flat earth coordinate frame [13]. Our research extends this to a more realistic scenario where the earth's curvature is also considered. the target is assumed to be moving along a great circle at a constant altitude. After the necessary coordinate transformations, the measurements are nonlinear functions of the target state and the observability of target altitude is severely limited. the observability, quantified by the Cramer-Rao Lower Bound (CRLB), is very sensitive to the sensor-to-target geometry. the paper presents a Maximum Likelihood (ML) estimator for estimating the target motion parameters in the Earth Centered Earth Fixed coordinate frame from 2-D range and angle measurements. In order to handle the possibility of false measurements and missed detections, which was not considered in [13], we use the Probabilistic data Association (PDA) algorithm to weight the detections in a frame. the PDA-based modified global likelihood is optimized using a numerical search. the accuracies obtained by the resulting ML-PDA estimator are quantified using the CRLB for different scnsor-target configurations. It is shown that the proposed estimator is efficient, that is, it meets the CRLB. Of particular interest is the achievable accuracy for estimating the target altitude, which is not observed directly by the 2-D radar, but can be only inferred from the range and bearing observations.

关键词： target tracking track initiation Cramer-Rao lower bound NIL estimator probabilistic data association

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New experiments in the use of infrared polarization in the detection of small targets

New experiments in the use of infrared polarization in the d...

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11th conference on Automatic Target Recognition

作者： Sadjadi, FA Chun, CSL Lockheed Martin Corp Eagan MN 55121 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819440744

In this paper, we will discuss a novel technology, which we have recently developed for automatic target detection and recognition by polarimetric imaging systems. this technology consists of an approach to non-cooperative small target detection that uses statistical techniques to exploit a target's Stokes vector infrared signature. this is applicable to sensors whose signature measurements are sensitive to the polarization of the targets and their backgrounds. Fusion is achieved by constructing the joint statistical measures for the target's polarization states. Target polarization states are in terms of the intensity, percent of linear polarization, and the angle of polarization plane. Applications of the proposed approach, for military targets under variations in target geometry are made in terms of receiver operating characteristic condition curves. the new results, which have been obtained on data from the Air Force's IRMA polarimetric infrared simulation tool, indicate the usefulness of polarimetric infrared signatures for the automatic detection of small targets.

关键词： Target detection Polarimetry Polarization Sensors Infrared radiation signal processing Detection and tracking algorithms Infrared imaging Infrared detectors Infrared signatures

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Optimal multiframe detection and tracking in digital image sequences 25

Optimal multiframe detection and tracking in digital image s...

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25th IEEE International conference on Acoustics, Speech, and signal processing, ICASSP 2000

作者： Bruno, Marcelo G.S. Moura, José M.F. Electrical Engineering Depart. University of Sao Paulo P.O. Box 61548 Sao Paulo SP05424-970 Brazil Massachusetts Institute of Technology Room 35-203 77 Massachusetts Ave CambridgeMA02139-4703 United States

ISBN: (纸本)0780362934

We present a Bayesian algorithm for optimal multiframe detection and tracking of small extended targets in two-dimensional (2D) finite resolution images. the algorithm integrates detection and tracking into a single framework using as data a sequence of cluttered sensor snapshots. Performance studies using Monte Carlo simulations show substantial improvements when the proposed Bayes tracker is compared to the association of a correlation filter and a linearized Kalman-Bucy filter. Likewise, there are significant detection performance gains of up to 6 dB in peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) when the multiframe Bayes detector is compared to a single frame likelihood ratio test (LRT) detector. © 2000 IEEE.

关键词： signal to noise ratio

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m-best SD assignment algorithm with application to multitarget tracking

m-best SD assignment algorithm with application to multitarg...

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conference on signal and data processing of small targets

作者： Popp, RL Pattipati, KR Bar-Shalom, Y ALPHATECH Inc Informat Technol Burlington MA 01803 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819428221

In this paper we describe a novel data association algorithm, termed m-best SD, that determines in O(mSkn(3)) time (m assignments, S lists of size n, k relaxations) the m-best solutions to an SD assignment problem. this algorithm is applied to the following problem. Given line of sight (i.e., incomplete position) measurements from S sensors, sets of complete position measurements are extracted, namely, the 1-st, 2-nd,... m-th best (in terms of likelihood) sets of composite measurements are determined solving a static SD assignment problem. Utilizing the joint likelihood functions used to determine the m-best SD assignment solutions, the composite measurements are then quantified with a probability of being correct using a JPDA-like technique. Lists of composite measurements from successive scans, along with their corresponding probabilities, are then used in turn with a state estimator in a dynamic 2D assignment algorithm to estimate the states of the moving targets over time. the dynamic assignment cost coefficients are based on a likelihood function that incorporates the "true" composite measurement probabilities obtained from the (static) m-best SD assignment solutions. We demonstrate this algorithm on a multitarget passive sensor track formation and maintenance problem, consisting of multiple time samples of line of sight (LOS) measurements originating from multiple (S = 7) synchronized high frequency direction finding sensors. Another significance of this work is that the m-best SD assignment algorithm (in a sliding window mode) provides for an efficient implementation of a Multiple Hypothesis Tracking (MHT) algorithm by obviating the need for a brute force enumeration of an exponential number of joint hypotheses.

关键词： multisensor-multitarget tracking data association m-best assignment SD assignment

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A reconfigurable multiprocessor IC for prototyping of real-time data paths 39

A reconfigurable multiprocessor IC for prototyping of real-t...

引用

39th IEEE International Solid-State Circuits conference, ISSCC 1992

作者： Chen, C. Rabaey, Jan M. Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of California BerkeleyCA United States

ISBN: (纸本)0780305736

In real-time digital-signal processing systems, data often enter or leave the computationally intensive parts at small integer multiples of the clocking interval. In these cases, traditional microprocessor-based architectures are inadequate to meet the throughput requirements, and so clusters of dedicated data paths, hard-wired to closely match the algorithmic data flow, are often used. these architectures typically contain multiple concurrently operating data-path pipelines. the circuit reported targets the rapid implementation and prototyping of such architectures using reconfigurable multiprocessors. this circuit contains eight execution units (EXUs) connected via a dynamically controlled crossbar switch. It can operate at 25 MHz (200 MIPs) with a data I/O bandwidth of 400 MB/s and a typical power consumption of 0.45 W. It contains 140106 transistors on a 8.9×9.5 mm2 die, in 1.2μm CMOS technology. © 1992 IEEE.

关键词： Timing circuits

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