designing control rooms for the process industries is usually a complex matter. Introducing human factors into a design project is even more complicated. Often the methodological approaches found in literature are to ...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0080325661
designing control rooms for the process industries is usually a complex matter. Introducing human factors into a design project is even more complicated. Often the methodological approaches found in literature are to some degree theoretical and inflexible. Moreover, in practice one has to compromise in view of the delay in recognition and acceptance of human factors, limited budgets and deadlines. This heavily influences the time schedule for ergonomic contributions. Hence a necessary condition for an effective approach is that the methods are adaptable to a variety of different (local) situations. Such an approach, which was applied in several projects, will be presented, with reference to the design of a new control room for a highly integrated oil refinery. Particular attention will be paid to contributions by process operators to different design phases, and to the role of ergonomists. From this, and other case studies, it can be concluded that the essential design steps could be successfully applied in a diverse set of industries anddesign situations.
One of the aims of man-machine system is completing a high level job which is very difficult to perform by man or machine individually. The total performance of this system depends greatly on the interface, especially...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0080325661
One of the aims of man-machine system is completing a high level job which is very difficult to perform by man or machine individually. The total performance of this system depends greatly on the interface, especially the information given to man is important. In this paper, we study the effects of interface by experiment in which the subjects are asked to keep stable such intrinsically unstable systems by manual control as the higher-order astatic system or the double inverted pendulum system. We show that these systems can be controlled stably, when some suitable information is displayed and the control devices are properly designed. The experimental results are collected, and some rules of human behavior andcontrol devices are educed.
At the Delft University of Technology over the last eight years an extensive research program on human operator behavior and performance modelling has been carried out. Several modelling attempts were successful, othe...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0080325661
At the Delft University of Technology over the last eight years an extensive research program on human operator behavior and performance modelling has been carried out. Several modelling attempts were successful, others were not. The purpose of this paper is to elucidate under what conditions modelling human performance may be possible, and when it may be useful in the design of Man-Machine-Interfaces, the following statement can be made: Only for those tasks which are well defined, the modelling of human supervisory behavior and performance may be successful. In this paper our experience on human supervisory control behavior modelling in different experimental setups will be discussed. It will be emphasized that the approach as followed in manual control studies cannot be followed here;directions for further research will be given.
This paper deals with the mathematical model of inventory control problem on the business-planning stage of a manufacturing firm, and the design of an interactive decision-support system based on the model. Although t...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0080325661
This paper deals with the mathematical model of inventory control problem on the business-planning stage of a manufacturing firm, and the design of an interactive decision-support system based on the model. Although the decision structure in the firm consists of several hierarchical levels, here a simplified model of two-level structure is discussed. Taking account of the fact that a decision maker in each level has a set of particular criteria for optimizing his inventory control, first, mathematical models of each level are formulated, and then they are integrated into an overall optimization model. It turns out to take a form of the two-level power-decentralized nonlinear program of resource allocation type, and for computational feasibility, it is finally converted into a linear program. The interactive decision-support system developed by use of this mathematical model comprises a computer network and terminal displays, etc. , and it facilitates clear definition of each decision maker's policy and the overall coordination of different policies in the different levels. The system is currently in actual operation and wins popularity among the persons concerned.
Various surveys and compilations have led to the conclusion that 'human error' is a primary cause of most major accidents in aviation, power production, and process control. This conclusion has led to a variet...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0080325661
Various surveys and compilations have led to the conclusion that 'human error' is a primary cause of most major accidents in aviation, power production, and process control. This conclusion has led to a variety of efforts to reduce or possibly eliminate human error. While such efforts to reduce human error are important, they can, if taken to an extreme, be very short-sighted. A strategy that is more likely to be successful is one that tolerates the occurrence of errors, but avoids their consequences. Error tolerance can be achieved in three complementary ways: 1) feedback about current consequences, 2) feedback about future consequences, and 3) intelligent error monitoring. These approaches are complementary and can be viewed as providing 'multiple lines of defense' relative to the consequences of human error. This paper elaborates on each of these approaches and then suggests how they might be integrated in terms of a human error tolerant interface for complex engineering systems. A conceptual design for such an interface is presented. Also, the practical implications and limitations of implementing this design are considered.
As a result of some years of critical discussions about the objectives and methodologies of Human Factors Research a new trend of Human Factors Research is emerging: 'Software Ergonomics'. Its central concern ...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0080325661
As a result of some years of critical discussions about the objectives and methodologies of Human Factors Research a new trend of Human Factors Research is emerging: 'Software Ergonomics'. Its central concern is to use the results of ergonomic research not only for enhancing efficiency and ease of use in computer systems but for the general requirement that machines must be adapted to human beings. Many investigations of industrial psychology and sociology have shown that personality traits exist in every problem solving process. However other results of ergonomic research have shown that despite these differences the efficiency of different approaches of task accomplishment tends to be similar. Consequently there is no reason to search for the 'one best way' in computer design. This suggests the adaptation of computer interfaces to human beings should follow inter-individual differences of users. This general demand necessitates new reflections about user-control and task-adequate usability of computer systems.
Modern information systems in automobiles like check-control, trip computers, and guidance systems can support a more economic and safer driving if the dashboard is not overloaded by many incompatible components regar...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0080325661
Modern information systems in automobiles like check-control, trip computers, and guidance systems can support a more economic and safer driving if the dashboard is not overloaded by many incompatible components regarding user interface structure. The conventional way with isolated systems often falls short in this respect. New concepts are needed which fulfill the following requirements: uniform user-interface for all systems, quick and easy use for naive and trained drivers as well as modularity in systems and functions. Therefore, a central information system (CIS) has been investigated combining nowadays systems like radio, tape recorder, trip computer and telephone. The essential feature of this CIS is a combination of parallel and serial user guidance to reach the desired functions within a limited number of steps.
The control of an automatized system in the iron and steel industry has been apprehended through verbal communications in two different teams. A relationship was established between the performance level of production...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0080325661
The control of an automatized system in the iron and steel industry has been apprehended through verbal communications in two different teams. A relationship was established between the performance level of production of the teams and the way in which information circulated, the subjects broached in the verbal exchanges and the chief speakers. If, at first sight, the structure of the verbal exchanges is very similar in both teams - very close percentages for the themes discussed, and a fairly similar distribution among the speakers - a closer analysis, based on several months of observation on the site reveals very different styles of working. These styles, oriented in the first team towards technique and the quality of production, and in the second towards social aspects, seem to govern the manner in which the knowledge of the system is structured. The behaviour observed appear to be determined by the interaction of individual, cognitive, and social variables. These results are presented in relation to theoretical models of regulation of human behaviour, of which they stress some limits.
The development of dialog systems for the man-process interface should take into account the different demands of different users. Classical programming of these tasks would mean very high costs. Solutions have to be ...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0080325661
The development of dialog systems for the man-process interface should take into account the different demands of different users. Classical programming of these tasks would mean very high costs. Solutions have to be found which also allow user-adaptive dialogs. Different forms of adaptivity in man-process systems are defined, such as flexibility, adaptability by identification, manual adaptability by the system designer, adaptability by the end-user, adaptivity concerning momentary process situation and user reactions. One solution is described then, which allows procedure-oriented construction of methods and its implementation within the dialog system: The dialog system has an invariant kernel and shells of input and output processing procedures, communication procedures as well as specific function procedures. Dynamic linking and parametrizing of the procedures is obtained by means of control lists for different methods (that means combination of procedures). The costs of interpretive processing are kept low;still, a fixed inflexible connection of the procedures (as in classical programming) can be avoided. The principles have been implemented in a system for process monitoring andcontrol of conventional power plants as well as for industrial processes with different display andcontrol functions. Results of these implementations are presented in the form of implementation costs and necessary alterations for different applications.
The variability of human operator's performances in the supervisory andcontrol tasks of automatized, industrial systems may lead to serious errors endangering not only the production system but also himself, and ...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0080325661
The variability of human operator's performances in the supervisory andcontrol tasks of automatized, industrial systems may lead to serious errors endangering not only the production system but also himself, and the environment, as well. One possible method for reinserting the operator into the control and supervisory loop of these systems is the dynamic allocation of decision tasks between man and computer. This article proposes a principle for dynamic allocation of information between the two decision makers, man and computer to the end of optimizing the decision-making team's performance under the constraint of the operator's maximum permissible workload during supervision of the process's disturbed functioning. Performances and workload are estimated on line from a decision model receiving the operator's information and commands. This model comprises two decision sets: one 'strategical', which defines which variable to survey, the other 'tactical', which selects what decision or action to take on this variable. These two sets comprise several stages: event detection, situation assessment, decision-making or action. A feasibility study defines the model's functioning, as well as the workload indices it can provide on line.
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