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39th acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation (PLDI)

作者： Acharya, Aravind Bondhugula, Uday Cohen, Albert Indian Inst Sci Dept Comp Sci & Automat Bangalore Karnataka India INRIA Paris France DI Ecole Normale Super Paris France

ISBN: (纸本)9781450356985

State-of-the-art algorithms used in automatic polyhedral transformation for parallelization and locality optimization typically rely on Integer Linear programming (ILP). this poses a scalability issue when scaling to tens or hundreds of statements, and may be disconcerting in production compiler settings. In this work, we consider relaxing integrality in the ILP formulation of the Pluto algorithm, a popular algorithm used to find good affine transformations. We show that the rational solutions obtained from the relaxed LP formulation can easily be scaled to valid integral ones to obtain desired solutions, although with some caveats. We first present formal results connecting the solution of the relaxed LP to the original Pluto ILP. We then show that there are difficulties in realizing the above theoretical results in practice, and propose an alternate approach to overcome those while still leveraging linear programming. Our new approach obtains dramatic compile-time speedups for a range of large benchmarks. While achieving these compile-time improvements, we show that the performance of the transformed code is not sacrificed. Our approach to automatic transformation provides a mean compilation time improvement of 5.6x over state-of-the-art on relevant challenging benchmarks from the NAS PB, SPEC CPU 2006, and PolyBench suites. We also came across situations where prior frameworks failed to find a transformation in a reasonable amount of time, while our new approach did so instantaneously.

关键词： Polyhedral transformation Pluto algorithm

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Persistency for Synchronization-Free Regions 2018

Persistency for Synchronization-Free Regions

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39th acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation (PLDI)

作者： Gogte, Vaibhav Diestelhorst, Stephan Wang, William Narayanasamy, Satish Chen, Peter M. Wenisch, thomas F. Univ Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA Arm Res Cambridge England

ISBN: (纸本)9781450356985

Nascent persistent memory (PM) technologies promise the performance of DRAM with the durability of disk, but how best to integrate them into programming systems remains an open question. Recent work extends language memory models with a persistency model prescribing semantics for updates to PM. these semantics enable programmers to design data structures in PM that are accessed like memory and yet are recoverable upon crash or failure. Alas, we find the semantics and performance of existing approaches unsatisfying. Existing approaches require high-overhead mechanisms, are restricted to certain synchronization constructs, provide incomplete semantics, and/or may recover to state that cannot arise in fault-free execution. We propose persistency semantics that guarantee failure atomicity of synchronization-free regions (SFRs) -program regions delimited by synchronization operations. Our approach provides clear semantics for the PM state recovery code may observe and extends C++11's "sequential consistency for data-race-free" guarantee to post-failure recovery code. We investigate two designs for failure-atomic SFRs that vary in performance and the degree to which commit of persistent state may lag execution. We demonstrate both approaches in LLVM v3.6.0 and compare to a state-of-the-art baseline to show performance improvement up to 87.5% (65.5% avg).

关键词： Persistent memories persistency models language memory models failure-atomicity synchronization-free regions

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FaCT: A DSL for Timing-Sensitive Computation 2019

FaCT: A DSL for Timing-Sensitive Computation

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40th acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation (PLDI) part of acm's Federated Computing Research conference (FCRC)

作者： Cauligi, Sunjay Soeller, Gary Johannesmeyer, Brian Brown, Fraser Wahby, Riad S. Renner, John Gregoire, Benjamin Barthe, Gilles Jhala, Ranjit Stefan, Deian Univ Calif San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USA INRIA Sophia Antipolis Biot France MPI Secur & Privacy Saarbrucken Germany IMDEA Software Inst Madrid Spain

ISBN: (纸本)9781450367127

Real-world cryptographic code is often written in a subset of C intended to execute in constant-time, thereby avoiding timing side channel vulnerabilities. this C subset eschews structured programming as we know it: if-statements, looping constructs, and procedural abstractions can leak timing information when handling sensitive data. the resulting obfuscation has led to subtle bugs, even in widely-used high-profile libraries like OpenSSL. To address the challenge of writing constant-time cryptographic code, we present FaCT, a crypto DSL that provides high-level but safe language constructs. the FaCT compiler uses a secrecy type system to automatically transform potentially timing-sensitive high-level code into low-level, constant-time LLVM bitcode. We develop the language and type system, formalize the constant-time transformation, and present an empirical evaluation that uses FaCT to implement core crypto routines from several open-source projects including OpenSSL, libsodium, and curve25519-donna. Our evaluation shows that FaCT's design makes it possible to write readable, high-level cryptographic code, with efficient, constant-time behavior.

关键词： domain-specific language program transformation cryptography

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Supporting Speculative Parallelization in the Presence of Dynamic Data Structures 10

Supporting Speculative Parallelization in the Presence of Dy...

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acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation

作者： Tian, Chen Feng, Min Gupta, Rajiv Univ Calif Riverside CSE Dept Riverside CA 92521 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450300193

the availability of multicore processors has led to significant interest in compiler techniques for speculative parallelization of sequential programs. Isolation of speculative state from non-speculative state forms the basis of such speculative techniques as this separation enables recovery from misspeculations. In our prior work on CorD [35, 36] we showed that for array and scalar variable based programs copying of data between speculative and non-speculative memory can be highly optimized to support state separation that yields significant speedups on multicore machines available today. However, we observe that in context of heap-intensive programs that operate on linked dynamic data structures, state separation based speculative parallelization poses many challenges. the copying of data structures from non-speculative to speculative state (copy-in operation) can be very expensive due to the large sizes of dynamic data structures. the copying of updated data structures from speculative state to non-speculative state (copy-out operation) is made complex due to the changes in the shape and size of the dynamic data structure made by the speculative computation. In addition, we must contend with the need to translate pointers internal to dynamic data structures between their non-speculative and speculative memory addresses. In this paper we develop an augmented design for the representation of dynamic data structures such that all of the above operations can be performed efficiently. Our experiments demonstrate significant speedups on a real machine for a set of programs that make extensive use of heap based dynamic data structures.

关键词： Performance languages design Experimentation Speculative Parallelization Multicore Processors

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Spatial: A language and Compiler for Application Accelerators 2018

Spatial: A Language and Compiler for Application Accelerator...

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39th acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation (PLDI)

作者： Koeplinger, David Feldman, Matthew Prabhakar, Raghu Zhang, Yaqi Hadjis, Stefan Fiszel, Ruben Zhao, Tian Nardi, Luigi Pedram, Ardavan Kozyrakis, Christos Olukotun, Kunle Stanford Univ Stanford CA 94305 USA Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland

ISBN: (纸本)9781450356985

Industry is increasingly turning to reconfigurable architectures like FPGAs and CGRAs for improved performance and energy efficiency. Unfortunately, adoption of these architectures has been limited by their programming models. HDLs lack abstractions for productivity and are difficult to target from higher level languages. HLS tools are more productive, but offer an ad-hoc mix of software and hardware abstractions which make performance optimizations difficult. In this work, we describe a new domain-specific language and compiler called Spatial for higher level descriptions of application accelerators. We describe Spatial's hardware-centric abstractions for both programmer productivity and design performance, and summarize the compiler passes required to support these abstractions, including pipeline scheduling, automatic memory banking, and automated design tuning driven by active machine learning. We demonstrate the language's ability to target FPGAs and CGRAs from common source code. We show that applications written in Spatial are, on average, 42% shorter and achieve a mean speedup of 2.9x over SDAccel HLS when targeting a Xilinx UltraScale+ VU9P FPGA on an Amazon EC2 F1 instance.

关键词： domain-specific languages compilers hardware accelerators high-level synthesis reconfigurable architectures FPGAs CGRAs

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Lightweight Multi-language Syntax Transformation with Parser Parser Combinators 2019

Lightweight Multi-Language Syntax Transformation with Parser...

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40th acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation (PLDI) part of acm's Federated Computing Research conference (FCRC)

作者： van Tonder, Rijnard Le Goues, Claire Carnegie Mellon Univ Sch Comp Sci Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450367127

Automatically transforming programs is hard, yet critical for automated program refactoring, rewriting, and repair. Multi-language syntax transformation is especially hard due to heterogeneous representations in syntax, parse trees, and abstract syntax trees (ASTs). Our insight is that the problem can be decomposed such that (1) a common grammar expresses the central context-free language (CFL) properties shared by many contemporary languages and (2) open extension points in the grammar allow customizing syntax (e.g., for balanced delimiters) and hooks in smaller parsers to handle language-specific syntax (e.g., for comments). Our key contribution operationalizes this decomposition using a Parser Parser combinator (PPC), a mechanism that generates parsers for matching syntactic fragments in source code by parsing declarative user-supplied templates. this allows our approach to detach from translating input programs to any particular abstract syntax tree representation, and lifts syntax rewriting to a modularly-defined parsing problem. A notable effect is that we skirt the complexity and burden of defining additional translation layers between concrete user input templates and an underlying abstract syntax representation. We demonstrate that these ideas admit efficient and declarative rewrite templates across 12 languages, and validate effectiveness of our approach by producing correct and desirable lightweight transformations on popular real-world projects (over 50 syntactic changes produced by our approach have been merged into 40+). Our declarative rewrite patterns require an order of magnitude less code compared to analog implementations in existing, language-specific tools.

关键词： syntax transformation parsers rewriting

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Lightweight Modular Staging: A Pragmatic Approach to Runtime Code Generation and Compiled DSLs 10

Lightweight Modular Staging: A Pragmatic Approach to Runtime...

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9th International conference on Generative programming and Component Engineering

作者： Rompf, Tiark Odersky, Martin Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland

ISBN: (纸本)9781450301541

Software engineering demands generality and abstraction, performance demands specialization and concretization. Generative programming can provide both, but developing high-quality program generators takes a large effort, even if a multi-stage programming language is used. We present lightweight modular staging, a library-based multi-stage programming approach that breaks with the tradition of syntactic quasi-quotation and instead uses only types to distinguish between binding times. through extensive use of component technology, lightweight modular staging makes an optimizing compiler framework available at the library level, allowing programmers to tightly integrate domain-specific abstractions and optimizations into the generation process. We argue that lightweight modular staging enables a form of language virtualization, i.e. allows to go from a pure-library embedded language to one that is practically equivalent to a stand-alone implementation with only modest effort.

关键词： design languages Code Generation Multi-stage programming Domain-specific languages language Virtualization

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Dependent types in practical programming

Conference Record of the Annual ACM Symposium on Principles ...

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conference Record of the Annual acm Symposium on Principles of programming languages 1999年 214-227页

作者： Xi, Hongwei Pfenning, Frank Oregon Graduate Inst of Science and Technology Beaverton OR United States

We present an approach to enriching the type system of ML with a restricted form of dependent types, where type index objects are drawn from a constraint domain C, leading to the DML(C) language schema. this allows specification and inference of significantly more precise type information, facilitating program error detection and compiler optimization. A major complication resulting from introducing dependent types is that pure type inference for the enriched system is no longer possible, but we show that type-checking a sufficiently annotated program in DML(C) can be reduced to constraint satisfaction in the constraint domain C. We exhibit the unobtrusiveness of our approach through practical examples and prove that DML(C) is conservative over ML. the main contribution of the paper lies in our language design, including the formulation of type-checking rules which makes the approach practical. To our knowledge, no previous type system for a general purpose programming language such as ML has combined dependent types with features including datatype declarations, higher-order functions, general recursions, let-polymorphism, mutable references, and exceptions. In addition, we have finished a prototype implementation of DML(C) for an integer constraint domain C, where constraints are linear inequalities (Xi and Pfenning 1998).

关键词： Computer programming languages

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Sal/Svm: An assembly language and virtual machine for computing with non-enumerated sets

Sal/Svm: An assembly language and virtual machine for comput...

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4th Workshop on Virtual Machines and Intermediate languages, VMIL 2010, Held at the 1st acm sigplan conference on Systems, programming, languages, and Applications: Software for Humanity, SPLASH 2010

作者： Stanley-Marbell, Phillip IBM Research-Zürich Säumerstrasse 4 8803 Rüschlikon Switzerland

ISBN: (纸本)9781450305457

Presented is the design, implementation and evaluation of a system for computing with non-enumerative set representations. the implementation is in the form of a set assembly language (Sal) whose operations correspond to an implementation of the algebra of sets, with minimal added syntactic sugar;a compiler (Salc) for validation and static optimization of Sal definitions;and a virtual machine architecture (Svm) for executing Sal definitions. Sal/Svm has turned out to be a surprisingly versatile framework for a growing number of problems. One such application, as a framework for declaratively specifying computational problems with the same level of precision that traditional machine languages enable the specification of computational algorithms, is presented. Copyright © 2010 acm.

关键词： Network security

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SEMCLUSTER: Clustering of Imperative programming Assignments Based on Quantitative Semantic Features 2019

SEMCLUSTER: Clustering of Imperative Programming Assignments...

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40th acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation (PLDI) part of acm's Federated Computing Research conference (FCRC)

作者： Perry, David M. Kim, Dohyeong Samanta, Roopsha Zhang, Xiangyu Purdue Univ W Lafayette IN 47907 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450367127

A fundamental challenge in automated reasoning about programming assignments at scale is clustering student submissions based on their underlying algorithms. State-of-the-art clustering techniques are sensitive to control structure variations, cannot cluster buggy solutions with similar correct solutions, and either require expensive pair-wise program analyses or training efforts. We propose a novel technique that can cluster small imperative programs based on their algorithmic essence: (A) how the input space is partitioned into equivalence classes and (B) how the problem is uniquely addressed within individual equivalence classes. We capture these algorithmic aspects as two quantitative semantic program features that are merged into a program's vector representation. Programs are then clustered using their vector representations. the computation of our first semantic feature leverages model counting to identify the number of inputs belonging to an input equivalence class. the computation of our second semantic feature abstracts the program's data flow by tracking the number of occurrences of a unique pair of consecutive values of a variable during its lifetime. the comprehensive evaluation of our tool SemCluster on benchmarks drawn from solutions to small programming assignments shows that SemCluster (1) generates far fewer clusters than other clustering techniques, (2) precisely identifies distinct solution strategies, and (3) boosts the performance of clustering-based program repair, all within a reasonable amount of time.

关键词： Program clustering Program analysis Quantitative reasoning

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