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conference Record of the Annual acm Symposium on Principles of programming languages 1999年 15-28页

作者： Wansbrough, Keith Jones, Simon Peyton Univ of Cambridge Cambridge United Kingdom

We present a sound type-based `usage analysis' for a realistic lazy functional language. Accurate information on the usage of program subexpressions in a lazy functional language permits a compiler to perform a number of useful optimizations. However, existing analyses are either ad-hoc and approximate, or defined over restricted languages. Our work extends the Once Upon A Type system of Turner, Mossin, and Wadler (FPCA'95). Firstly, we add type polymorphism, an essential feature of typed functional programming languages. Secondly, we include general Haskell-style user-defined algebraic data types. thirdly, we explain and solve the `poisoning problem', which causes the earlier analysis to yield poor results. Interesting design choices turn up in each of these areas. Our analysis is sound with respect to a Launchbury-style operational semantics, and it is straightforward to implement. Good results have been obtained from a prototype implementation, and we are currently integrating the system into the Glasgow Haskell Compiler.

关键词： Computer programming languages

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the Bedrock Structured programming System Combining Generative Metaprogramming and Hoare Logic in an Extensible Program Verifier 13

The Bedrock Structured Programming System Combining Generati...

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18th acm sigplan International conference on Functional programming

作者： Chlipala, Adam MIT CSAIL Cambridge MA USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450323260

We report on the design and implementation of an extensible programming language and its intrinsic support for formal verification. Our language is targeted at low-level programming of infrastructure like operating systems and runtime systems. It is based on a cross-platform core combining characteristics of assembly languages and compiler intermediate languages. From this foundation, we take literally the saying that C is a "macro assembly language": we introduce an expressive notion of certified low-level macros, sufficient to build up the usual features of C and beyond as macros with no special support in the core. Furthermore, our macros have integrated support for strongest postcondition calculation and verification condition generation, so that we can provide a high-productivity formal verification environment within Coq for programs composed from any combination of macros. Our macro interface is expressive enough to support features that low-level programs usually only access through external tools with no formal guarantees, such as declarative parsing or SQL-inspired querying. the abstraction level of these macros only imposes a compile-time cost, via the execution of functional Coq programs that compute programs in our intermediate language;but the run-time cost is not substantially greater than for more conventional C code. We describe our experiences constructing a full C-like language stack using macros, with some experiments on the verifiability and performance of individual programs running on that stack.

关键词： generative metaprogramming interactive proof assistants low-level programming languages functional programming

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Developing a Monadic Type Checker for an Object-Oriented language: An Experience Report 12

Developing a Monadic Type Checker for an Object-Oriented Lan...

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12th acm sigplan International conference on Software language Engineering (SLE)

作者： Castegren, Elias Fernandez-Reyes, Kiko KTH Royal Inst Technol Software & Comp Syst Stockholm Sweden Uppsala Univ Informat Technol Uppsala Sweden

ISBN: (纸本)9781450369817

Functional programming languages are well-suited for developing compilers, and compilers for functional languages are often themselves written in a functional language. Functional abstractions, such as monads, allow abstracting away some of the repetitive structure of a compiler, removing boilerplate code and making extensions simpler. Even so, functional languages are rarely used to implement compilers for languages of other paradigms. this paper reports on the experience of a four-year long project where we developed a compiler for a concurrent, object-oriented language using the functional language Haskell. the focus of the paper is the implementation of the type checker, but the design works well in static analysis tools, such as tracking uniqueness of variables to ensure data-race freedom. the paper starts from a simple type checker to which we add more complex features, such as type state, with minimal changes to the overall initial design.

关键词： functional programming object-oriented languages type systems compilers

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What exactly is inexact computation good for?

What exactly is inexact computation good for?

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35th acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation (PLDI)

作者： Palem, Krishna Rice Univ Dept Comp Sci Houston TX 77251 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450327848

Our willingness to deliberately trade accuracy of computing systems for significant resource savings, notably energy consumption, got a boost from two directions. First, energy (or power, the more popularly used measure) consumption started emerging as a serious hurdle to our ability to continue scaling the complexity of processors, and thus enable ever richer computing applications. this "energy hurdle" spanned the gamut from large data-centers to portable embedded computing systems. Second, many believed that an engine of growth that supported scaling, captured by Gordon Moore's remarkable prophecy (Moore's law), was headed towards an irrevocable cliff edge - when this happens, our ability to produce computing systems whose hardware would support precise or exact computing would diminish greatly. In this talk which emphasizes the physical and hardware layers of abstraction where all of these troubles start (after all energy is rooted in thermodynamics), I will first review reasons that compelled and encouraged us to consider trading accuracy for energy savings deliberately resulting in inexact computing. Copyright © 2014 acm.

关键词： Algorithms design languages Performance Inexact or approximate computing power efficiency energy efficiency

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SCENIC: A language for Scenario Specification and Scene Generation 2019

SCENIC: A Language for Scenario Specification and Scene Gene...

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40th acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation (PLDI) part of acm's Federated Computing Research conference (FCRC)

作者： Fremont, Daniel J. Dreossi, Tommaso Ghosh, Shromona Yue, Xiangyu Sangiovanni-Vincentelli, Alberto L. Seshia, Sanjit A. Univ Calif Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450367127

We propose a new probabilistic programming language for the design and analysis of perception systems, especially those based on machine learning. Specifically, we consider the problems of training a perception system to handle rare events, testing its performance under different conditions, and debugging failures. We show how a probabilistic programming language can help address these problems by specifying distributions encoding interesting types of inputs and sampling these to generate specialized training and test sets. More generally, such languages can be used for cyber-physical systems and robotics to write environment models, an essential prerequisite to any formal analysis. In this paper, we focus on systems like autonomous cars and robots, whose environment is a scene, a configuration of physical objects and agents. We design a domain-specific language, Scenic, for describing scenarios that are distributions over scenes. As a probabilistic programming language, Scenic allows assigning distributions to features of the scene, as well as declaratively imposing hard and soft constraints over the scene. We develop specialized techniques for sampling from the resulting distribution, taking advantage of the structure provided by Scenic's domain-specific syntax. Finally, we apply Scenic in a case study on a convolutional neural network designed to detect cars in road images, improving its performance beyond that achieved by state-of-the-art synthetic data generation methods.

关键词： scenario description language synthetic data deep learning probabilistic programming automatic test generation fuzz testing

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Harmonizing Classes, Functions, Tuples, and Type Parameters in Virgil III 13

Harmonizing Classes, Functions, Tuples, and Type Parameters ...

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34th acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation (PLDI)

作者： Titzer, Ben L. Google Mountain View CA USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450320146

languages are becoming increasingly multi-paradigm. Subtype polymorphism in statically-typed object-oriented languages is being supplemented with parametric polymorphism in the form of generics. Features like first-class functions and lambdas are appearing everywhere. Yet existing languages like Java, C#, C++, D, and Scala seem to accrete ever more complexity when they reach beyond their original paradigm into another;inevitably older features have some rough edges that lead to nonuniformity and pitfalls. Given a fresh start, a new language designer is faced with a daunting array of potential features. Where to start? What is important to get right first, and what can be added later? What features must work together, and what features are orthogonal? We report on our experience with Virgil III, a practical language with a careful balance of classes, functions, tuples and type parameters. Virgil intentionally lacks many advanced features, yet we find its core feature set enables new species of design patterns that bridge multiple paradigms and emulate features not directly supported such as interfaces, abstract data types, ad hoc polymorphism, and variant types. Surprisingly, we find variance for function types and tuple types often replaces the need for other kinds of type variance when libraries are designed in a more functional style.

关键词： Multi-paradigm languages parametric types object-oriented programming functional programming monomorphization variance closures tuples flattening unboxing static compilation

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Declarative programming over Eventually Consistent Data Stores 15

Declarative Programming over Eventually Consistent Data Stor...

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36th acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation

作者： Sivaramakrishnan, K. C. Kaki, Gowtham Jagannathan, Suresh Univ Cambridge Cambridge CB2 1TN England Purdue Univ W Lafayette IN 47907 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450334686

User-facing online services utilize geo-distributed data stores to minimize latency and tolerate partial failures, with the intention of providing a fast, always-on experience. However, geo-distribution does not come for free;application developers have to contend with weak consistency behaviors, and the lack of abstractions to composably construct high-level replicated data types, necessitating the need for complex application logic and invariably exposing inconsistencies to the user. Some commercial distributed data stores and several academic proposals provide a lattice of consistency levels, with stronger consistency guarantees incurring increased latency and throughput costs. However, correctly assigning the right consistency level for an operation requires subtle reasoning and is often an error-prone task. In this paper, we present QUELEA, a declarative programming model for eventually consistent data stores (ECDS), equipped with a contract language, capable of specifying fine-grained application-level consistency properties. A contract enforcement system analyses contracts, and automatically generates the appropriate consistency protocol for the method protected by the contract. We describe an implementation of QUELEA on top of an off-the-shelf ECDS that provides support for coordination-free transactions. Several benchmarks including two large web applications, illustrate the effectiveness of our approach.

关键词： languages Performance Eventual Consistency Availability CRDTs Axiomatic Contracts Contract Classification Distributed Transactions SMT solvers Decidable Logic Quelea Cassandra Haskell

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PADS/ML: A functional data description language 07

PADS/ML: A functional data description language

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34th acm sigplan-SIGACT Symposium on Principles of programming languages

作者： Mandelbaum, Yitzhak Fisher, Kathleen Walker, David Fernandez, Mary Gleyzer, Artem Princeton Univ Princeton NJ 08544 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781595935755

Massive amounts of useful data are stored and processed in ad hoc formats for which common tools like parsers, printers, query engines and format converters are not readily available. In this paper, we explain the design and implementation of PADS/ML, a new language and system that facilitates the generation of data processing tools for ad hoc formats. the PADS/ML design includes features such as dependent, polymorphic and recursive datatypes, which allow programmers to describe the syntax and semantics of ad hoc data in a concise, easy-to-read notation. the PADS/ML implementation compiles these descriptions into ML structures and functors that include types for parsed data, functions for parsing and printing, and auxiliary support for user-specified, format-dependent and format-independent tool generation.

关键词： languages data description languages domain-specific languages functional programming dependent types ML modules parsing printing

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Adaptive, Efficient, Parallel Execution of Parallel Programs 14

Adaptive, Efficient, Parallel Execution of Parallel Programs

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35th acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation (PLDI)

作者： Sridharan, Srinath Gupta, Gagan Sohi, Gurindar S. Univ Wisconsin Madison WI 53706 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450327848

Future multicore processors will be heterogeneous, be increasingly less reliable, and operate in dynamically changing operating conditions. Such environments will result in a constantly varying pool of hardware resources which can greatly complicate the task of efficiently exposing a program's parallelism onto these resources. Coupled with this uncertainty is the diverse set of efficiency metrics that users may desire. this paper proposes Varuna, a system that dynamically, continuously, rapidly and transparently adapts a program's parallelism to best match the instantaneous capabilities of the hardware resources while satisfying different efficiency metrics. Varuna is applicable to both multithreaded and task-based programs and can be seamlessly inserted between the program and the operating system without needing to change the source code of either. We demonstrate Varuna's effectiveness in diverse execution environments using unaltered C/C++ parallel programs from various benchmark suites. Regardless of the execution environment, Varuna always outperformed the state-of-the-art approaches for the efficiency metrics considered.

关键词： design Experimentation Measurement Performance Autotuning parallel programming performance portability performance tuning run-time optimization

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MixT: A language for Mixing Consistency in Geodistributed Transactions 2018

MixT: A Language for Mixing Consistency in Geodistributed Tr...

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39th acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation (PLDI)

作者： Milano, Matthew Myers, Andrew C. Cornell Univ Dept Comp Sci Ithaca NY 14853 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450356985

programming concurrent, distributed systems is hard-especially when these systems mutate shared, persistent state replicated at geographic scale. To enable high availability and scalability, a new class of weakly consistent data stores has become popular. However, some data needs strong consistency. To manipulate both weakly and strongly consistent data in a single transaction, we introduce a new abstraction: mixed-consistency transactions, embodied in a new embedded language, MixT. Programmers explicitly associate consistency models with remote storage sites;each atomic, isolated transaction can access a mixture of data with different consistency models. Compile-time information-flow checking, applied to consistency models, ensures that these models are mixed safely and enables the compiler to automatically partition transactions. New run-time mechanisms ensure that consistency models can also be mixed safely, even when the data used by a transaction resides on separate, mutually unaware stores. Performance measurements show that despite their stronger guarantees, mixed-consistency transactions retain much of the speed of weak consistency, significantly outperforming traditional serializable transactions.

关键词： Consistency Transactions Information Flow

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