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conference on advances in x-ray/euv optics and components xVII

作者： Naito, Masayuki Kusano, Hiroki Nagaoka, Hiroshi Hasebe, Nobuyuki Kodaira, Satoshi Natl Inst Quantum Sci & Technol QST 4-9-1 Anagawa Inage Chiba 2638555 Japan RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 3510198 Japan Waseda Univ 3-4-1 Okubo Tokyo Tokyo 1698555 Japan

ISBN: (纸本)9781510654655;9781510654648

The spontaneous polarization of pyroelectric crystal is utilized to x-ray emission in low pressure gas of similar to 1 Pa, which has a potential as a future in-situ x-ray source with small size, light weight, and low electric power consumption. The pyroelectric x-ray production still has problems as its intensity and reproducibility because the mechanism of electron production is still an open question. We have experimentally and numerically evaluated pyroelectric x-ray generation relevant to electric discharges around the pyroelectric crystal with various sizes of target support and target with/without a needle. Three kinds of electric discharge, between crystal top and metallic target (CT-MT discharge), between crystal top and crystal bottom (CT-CB discharge), and along with crystal surface (CS discharge), were observed. The CT-MT discharge was measured by the 1 cm x 5 cm target support or target with a needle, which induced irregular x-ray increases. x-ray intensity became reproducible, but not so large when the CT-MT discharges were measured. The CT-CB and CS discharges were active for the large target plates. These two discharges occur irregularly, resulting low reproducibility. While reduction of crystal potential by the CS discharge was not large, the CT-CB discharge stopped xray emission. When the CT-CB was not measured, the x-ray intensity became large. Calculation results of electric fields at around the crystal supported the experimental results, which implied that selection of appropriate target support is one of important factors to obtain large and reproducible x-ray intensity by the pyroelectric x-ray generation.

关键词： Pyroelectric x-ray generator Active x-ray Spectrometer x-ray source

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Diagnostics of KB mirrors misalignment using Zernike rectangular polynomials and neural networks. 27

Diagnostics of KB mirrors misalignment using Zernike rectang...

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conference on advances in x-ray/euv optics and components xVII

作者： Luiz, Sergio A. L. Bueno, Cassiano S. N. C. Silva, Francisco M. C. Celestre, Rafael Meyer, Bernd C. Oliveira, Regis S. Tomal, Alessandra Tolentino, Helio C. N. Dias, Carlos S. B. Brazilian Synchrotron Light Lab LNLS Campinas Brazil Univ Campinas UNICAMP Gleb Wataghin Inst Phys IFGW Campinas Brazil European Synchrotron Radiat Facil ESRF Grenoble France Karlsruhe Inst Technol KIT Karlsruhe Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781510654655;9781510654648

The fine alignment of x-ray nano-focusing optics, such as Kirkpatrick-Baez (KB) mirrors, depends strongly on the ability to diagnose the x-ray beam at the focus position. Despite conventional diagnostics techniques (e.g. knife-edge) allowing the measurement of the beam profile with sub-micrometer resolution, they may yield poor accuracy for beams with sizes under 100 nm. With nanometer-resolution phase-recovering techniques like ptychography, information about optical aberrations can be obtained experimentally in the complex-valued wavefront. In this work, we use wave-propagation simulations with Synchrotron Radiation Workshop (SRW) to model the CARNAUBA beamline at Sirius. The beam phase at the KB mirrors exit pupil is decomposed in terms of Zernike rectangular polynomials. The relevant degrees of freedom (DOF) of the mirrors are scanned, allowing the correlation of the Zernike coefficients with the beam profile at focus. Therefore, the aberrations are classified and quantified for each mirror's DOF, and alignment tolerances are obtained. We find that each DOF can be described by a unique combination of only three Zernike terms. Additionally, a database with the first 15 Zernike coefficients is created by simulating random alignment states and used to train a simple fully-connected neural network. The neural network was able to determine the alignment states of unknown samples with errors below 3%. The combination of Zernike polynomials and neural networks could potentially lead to single-iteration alignment of KB mirrors using wavefront sensing techniques as a diagnostic tool.

关键词： x-ray optics KB mirrors aberrations Zernike polynomials neural networks machine learning alignment wave propagation

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Design and fabrication of multi-metal patterned target anodes for improved quality of hyperspectral x-ray radiography and computed tomography imaging systems 27

Design and fabrication of multi-metal patterned target anode...

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conference on advances in x-ray/euv optics and components xVII

作者： Hummell, Courtney L. Collins, Noelle M. Dalton, Gabriella M. Wheeling, Rebecca A. Yang, Jeier Thompson, Kyle R. Fuentes, ray S. Jimenez, Edward S. Sandia Natl Labs Optoelect & HI 3 5 POB 5800 Albuquerque NM 87185 USA Sandia Natl Labs Nondestruct Evaluat & Diagnost Dev POB 5800 Albuquerque NM 87185 USA Sandia Natl Labs Met & Mat Joining Albuquerque NM 87185 USA Sandia Natl Labs Mat Reliabil Albuquerque NM 87185 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781510654655;9781510654648

Applications such as counterfeit identification, quality control, and non-destructive material identification benefit from improved spatial and compositional analysis. x-ray Computed Tomography is used in these applications but is limited by the x-ray focal spot size and the lack of energy-resolved data. Recently developed hyperspectral x-ray detectors estimate photon energy, which enables composition analysis but lacks spatial resolution. Moving beyond bulk homogeneous transmission anodes toward multi-metal patterned anodes enables improvements in spatial resolution and signal-to-noise ratios in these hyperspectral x-ray imaging systems. We aim to design and fabricate transmission anodes that facilitate confirmation of previous simulation results. These anodes are fabricated on diamond substrates with conventional photolithography and metal deposition processes. The final transmission anode design consists of a cluster of three disjoint metal bumps selected from molybdenum, silver, samarium, tungsten, and gold. These metals are chosen for their k-lines, which are positioned within distinct energy intervals of interest and are readily available in standard clean rooms. The diamond substrate is chosen for its high thermal conductivity and high transmittance of x-rays. The feature size of the metal bumps is chosen such that the cluster is smaller than the 100 mu m diameter of the impinging electron beam in the x-ray tube. This effectively shrinks the x-ray focal spot in the selected energy bands. Once fabricated, our transmission anode is packaged in a stainless-steel holder that can be retrofitted into our existing x-ray tube. Innovations in anode design enable an inexpensive and simple method to improve existing x-ray imaging systems.

关键词： Hyperspectral x-ray Resolution Fabrication Anode Computer Tomography Photolithography Material Identification Simulation Validation

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Design of soft x-ray fluorescence microscopy beyond 100-nm spatial resolution with ultrashort Kirkpatrick-Baez mirror 27

Design of soft X-ray fluorescence microscopy beyond 100-nm s...

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conference on advances in x-ray/euv optics and components xVII

作者： Shimamura, Takenori Takeo, Yoko Moriya, Fumika Kimura, Takashi Shimura, Mari Senba, Yasunori Kishimoto, Hikaru Ohashi, Haruhiko Shimba, Kenta Jimbo, Yasuhiko Mimura, Hidekazu Univ Tokyo Sch Engn 7-3-1 HongoBunkyo Tokyo 1138656 Japan Japan Synchrotron Radiat Res Inst 1-1 Koto Sayo Dist Hyogo 6795198 Japan Univ Tokyo Inst Solid State Phys 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha Kashiwa Chiba 2770882 Japan Natl Ctr Global Hlth & Med Res Inst Dept Refractory Viral Infect 1-21-1 ToyamaShinjuku Tokyo 1628655 Japan RIKEN SPring 8 Ctr 1-1 Koto Sayo Dist Hyogo 6795148 Japan

ISBN: (纸本)9781510654655;9781510654648

A Kirkpatrick-Baez (KB) mirror is a reflective focusing device that sequentially positions a pair of crossed mirrors in a grazing-incidence setup. Typically, this type of device offers a relatively long working distance of 20 mm or longer, which allows specimens to be installed in various configurations. However, there is a tradeoff between the long working distance and both the numerical aperture and demagnification factor, resulting in drawbacks for KB mirrors for a sub-micron focus size in a soft-x-ray region. This research explores an ultrashort KB mirror composed of 2- and 8-mm-long mirrors with focal lengths of 2 and 8 mm, respectively. Its demagnification is designed to be up to 10000 and its focus size can theoretically be below 50 nm at a photon energy of 1 keV. To demonstrate an x-ray nanoprobe based on this focusing device for x-ray microscopy, the low-energy x-ray fluorescence (LExRF) technique is incorporated into the focusing system. The aim of this LExRF system is to observe light elements in biological specimens. After x-ray fluorescence yields were estimated, the experimental setup was examined for a forward- and side-scattering configuration. Preliminary studies examined the fluorescence detector performance and the fluorescence detection of biological and pharmaceutical specimens in the traditional backscattering configuration. Compared with diffractive focusing devices, which condense approximately 10% of the incident x-rays, the reflective ultrashort KB mirror can benefit LExRF by more efficiently collecting x-rays to its nanoprobe, thus enhancing the fluorescence signals from specimens.

关键词： Focusing device Soft x-ray SPring-8 Ultrashort Kirkpatrick-Baez mirror x-ray fluorescence microscopy Fluoride GRL-142 Neural stem cell

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Focus issue introduction: Advanced Solid-State Lasers 2020

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OPTICAL MATERIALS ExPRESS 2021年第4期11卷 952-954页

作者： Petersen, Alan Taccheo, Stefano Mirov, Sergey Nilsson, Johan Pask, Helen Saraceno, Clara Wetter, Niklaus Wu, Ruifen Spectra Phys MKS Instruments 3635 Peterson Way Santa Clara CA 95054 USA Politecn Torino DET Corso Duca Abruzzi 24 I-10129 Turin Italy Univ Alabama Birmingham 1530 3rd Ave S Birmingham AL 35294 USA IPG Photon Southeast Technol Ctr 100 Lucerne Lane Birmingham AL 35211 USA Univ Southampton Optoelect Res Ctr Southampton SO17 1BJ Hants England Macquarie Univ MQ Photon Res Ctr Dept Phys & Astron N Ryde NSW 2109 Australia Ruhr Univ Bochum Photon & Ultrafast Laser Sci Univ Str 150 D-44801 Bochum Germany Inst Pesquisas Energet & Nucl IPEN SP Ctr Lasers & Aplicacoes Prof Lineu Prestes 2242 BR-05508000 Sao Paulo SP Brazil DSO Natl Labs 12 Sci Pk Dr Singapore 118225 Singapore

This Joint Issue of optics Express and Optical Materials Express features 15 articles written by authors who participated in the international online conference Advanced Solid State Lasers held 13?16 October, 2020. This review provides a summary of the conference and these articles from the conference which sample the spectrum of solid state laser theory and experiment, from materials research to sources and from design innovation to applications. ASSL (Advanced Solid-State Lasers) is the international conference devoted to recent advances in both materials and sources aspects of solid state lasers. Materials encompasses advances in optics, materials science, condensed matter physics and chemistry relevant to the development, characterization and applications of new materials for lasers and photonics. These include crystals, glasses and ceramics, as well as functionalized composite materials, from fibers and waveguides to engineered structures with pre-assigned optical properties. Materials used for fabrication of basic laser components are also a core part of the conference. Coherent and high brightness radiation sources include lasers as well as pump and nonlinear devices from the THz through x-ray spectral regions. Emphasis is on advances in science and technology, for improved power, efficiency, brightness, stability, wavelength coverage, pulse width, cost, environmental

关键词： Fiber lasers Laser theory Master oscillator power amplifiers Optical materials Random lasers Solid state lasers

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NASA Strategic Astrophysics Technology Investments: A Decade of Benefits, Outlook Informed by the 2020 Decadal Survey 5

NASA Strategic Astrophysics Technology Investments: A Decade...

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conference on advances in Optical and Mechanical Technologies for Telescopes and Instrumentation V

作者： Ganel, Opher Rivera, Rachel B. Falker, John M. Siegler, Nicholas Crill, Brendan P. Perez, Mario R. NASA Phys Cosmos & Cosm Origins Program Off Goddard Space Flight Ctr 8800 Greenbelt Rd Greenbelt MD 20771 USA Jet Prop Lab Exoplanet Explorat Program Off 4800 Oak Grove Dr Pasadena CA 91109 USA NASA Headquarters Astrophys Div Washington DC 20546 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781510653580;9781510653573

NASA has launched a long and storied series of ambitious strategic astrophysics missions, such as the Hubble Space Telescope, Compton Gamma ray Observatory, Chandra x-ray Observatory, and Spitzer Space Telescope, with the recently launched James Webb Space Telescope set to join their ranks in producing incomparable science results. Continuing such a record of success requires ever-more-advanced technologies, as the science requirements of each new mission are more challenging than those of its predecessors. Maturing technologies across the mid-range of Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs), from 3 to 6, the so-called "Mid-TRL gap," is crucial to developing indispensable components for such missions, a fact that was historically not appreciated. Recognizing this gap, in 2009, NASA's Astrophysics Division established the Strategic Astrophysics Technology (SAT) Program. In the decade plus since, the SAT program, along with direct funding of certain technology-development efforts, has provided a wide array of benefits including significant milestones, such as TRL maturation, infusion of technologies into projects and missions, training the astrophysics workforce, and many more. The technology development and maturation projects funded by NASA Astrophysics are managed by the Cosmic Origins, Exoplanet Exploration, and Physics of the Cosmos Programs (COR, ExEP, and PCOS, respectively). Since 2009, over 140 projects have been funded on over 80 technology topics, with dozens advancing their TRL, and over 2/3 leading to technology infusions. We present the portfolio distribution in terms of specific technology areas addressed including optics, detectors, coatings, coronagraphs, starshade, lasers, electronics, cooling, etc. We show an analysis of the rate of TRL advances, infusion, and other benefits. Finally, we present Astrophysics Division's strategic technology investment priorities following the recent release of the Decadal Survey, "Pathways to Discovery in Astronomy and As

关键词： NASA astrophysics technology development Decadal Survey optics telescope detector SAT

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Refractive optics-based x-ray reflecto-interferometry 15

Refractive optics-based X-ray reflecto-interferometry

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conference on advances in x-ray/euv optics and components xV

作者： Lyatun, S. Lyatun, I Zverev, D. Konovalov, O. Snigireva, I Snigirev, A. Immanuel Kant Baltic Fed Univ 14 Nevskogo Kaliningrad 236041 Russia European Synchrotron Radiat Facil 71 Ave Martyrs Martyrs F-38043 Grenoble France

ISBN: (纸本)9781510637894;9781510637887

A new x-ray Reflecto-Interferometry (xRI) technique is proposed and realized for thin-film characterization. The xRI employs refractive optics that produce a converging fan of radiation, incident onto a sample surface, and a high-resolution CCD detector, which simultaneously collects the reflecto-interferogram over a wide angular range. The functional capabilities of the new method were experimentally tested at the ESRF ID06, and ID10 beamlines in the x-ray energy range from 14 keV to 22 keV. The free-standing Si3N4 membranes with different thickness were studied. The main advantages and possible future applications of the proposed reflecto-interferometry are discussed.

关键词： x-ray interferometry x-ray reflecto-interferometry compound refractive lenses high spatial resolution

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An update on development of a cryogenically-cooled-silicon mirror for the Advanced Light Source Upgrade project 15

An update on development of a cryogenically-cooled-silicon m...

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conference on advances in x-ray/euv optics and components xV

作者： Cutler, Grant Bryant, Diane Cocco, Daniele DiMasi, Elaine Mccombs, Kyle Morton, Simon del Rio, Manuel Sanchez Smith, Nathan Padmore, Howard Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab 1 Cyclotron Rd Berkeley CA 94720 USA ESRF 71 Ave Martyrs F-38043 Grenoble France

ISBN: (纸本)9781510637894;9781510637887

In this paper we provide an update on the development of a novel cantilevered-liquid-nitrogen-cooled-silicon mirror for a new insertion device beamline included in the Advanced Light Source Upgrade (ALS-U). The goals of this mirror development are to achieve diffraction limited performance, demonstrate reliability, minimize coolant flow induced vibration, and demonstrate carbon contamination prevention and cleaning techniques. In this paper we summarize the design requirements, the design of the mirror system, and prototype fabrication.

关键词： Mirrors Light sources Prototyping Polarization Cryogenics Heat treatments Liquids Nitrogen x-rays Silicon

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Ion beam lithography for coherent x-ray optics application 15

Ion beam lithography for coherent X-ray optics application

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conference on advances in x-ray/euv optics and components xV

作者： Medvedskaya, P. Lyatun, I Shevyrtalov, S. Polikarpov, M. Snigireva, I Yunkin, V Snigirev, A. Immanuel Kant Baltic Fed Univ Kaliningrad 236041 Russia European Mol Biol Lab Hamburg Unit Hamburg Germany European Synchrotron Radiat Facil F-38043 Grenoble France Inst Microelect Technol RAS Chernogolovka Russia

ISBN: (纸本)9781510637894;9781510637887

We demonstrate the capabilities of ion-beam lithography (IBL) for the manufacturing of the x-ray refractive micro-optics. For the first time with the help of IBL, the hardest of current materials - diamond - was milled, and microscale diamond half-lenses were produced. Lenses have a rotationally parabolic profile with radii of parabola apexes in the range from 3 to 10 mu m. As has been confirmed with SEM, the surface of produced lenses was free of low- and high-frequency modulations: figure errors of fabricated lenses were < 200 nm, while the surface roughness was estimated to be 30 nm. The optical performance of the lens was successfully tested at a third-generation synchrotron, where the lenses provided diffraction-limited focusing of x-ray radiation and demonstrated intensity profiles with Gaussian distributions at every measured longitudinal position (along the optical axis) downstream of the optics.

关键词： diamond x-ray micro-optics compound refractive lenses ion beam lithography

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Structure and stability of Sc/Si multilayers with different thickness ratios for wavelength at 46.5 nm 15

Structure and stability of Sc/Si multilayers with different ...

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conference on advances in x-ray/euv optics and components xV

作者： Wu, Jiali Qi, Runze Wang, Zhanshan Huang, Qiushi Bai, xianyong MOE Key Lab Adv Microstruct Mat 1239 Siping Rd Shanghai 200092 Peoples R China Tongji Univ Sch Phys Sci & Engn Inst Precis Opt Engn Shanghai 200092 Peoples R China Natl Astron Observ CAS Key Lab Solar Act Beijing 100012 Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9781510637894;9781510637887

Sc/Si multilayer has excellent reflectivity at the wavelength of 35-50 nm. It is expected to be fabricated for application in the solar euv telescope, reflecting Ne VII line (46.5 nm) at normal incidence angle. For obtaining the stable narrow bandwidth multilayer, Sc/Si multilayers with different thickness ratios were deposited by direct current magnetron sputtering. The structure and stability of multilayers were characterized by grazing-incidence x-ray reflectometry and fitted by four-layer model. The results indicated that there was interface diffusion existed between Sc and Si layers. The total was about a 3-4 nm interface mixture. The atomic force microscopy measurements showed that as Sc thickness ratios increasing, the surface roughness of samples was slightly increased. After two months, the periodic structure and thickness of multilayers were found to be still similar. With a Sc thickness ratio value of 0.67, Sc/Si multilayer not only has the narrow bandwidth but also have good temporal stability.

关键词： Thickness ratios structure temporal stability

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