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SAR imageRY OF MOVING TARGETS - APPLICATION OF TIME-FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS FOR ESTIMATING MOTION PARAMETERS 4

SAR IMAGERY OF MOVING TARGETS - APPLICATION OF TIME-FREQUENC...

引用

4th conference on Hybrid image and signal processing

作者： HAIMOVICH, AM PECKHAM, CD TETI, JG NEW JERSEY INST TECHNOL DEPT ELECT & COMP ENGNNEWARKNJ 07102

ISBN: (纸本)0819415421

It is well known that targets moving along track within a Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) field of view are imaged as defocused objects. the SAR stripmap mode is tuned to stationary ground targets and the mismatch between the SAR processing parameters and the target motion parameters causes the energy to spill over to adjacent image pixels, thus not only hindering target feature extraction, but also reducing the probability of detection. the problem can be remedied by generating the image using a filter matched to the actual target motion parameters, effectively focusing the SAR image on the target. For a fixed rate of motion the target velocity can be estimated from the slope of the Doppler frequency characteristic. the processing is carried out on the range compressed data but before azimuth compression. the problem is similar to the classical problem of estimating the instantaneous frequency of a linear FM signal (chirp). this paper investigates the application of three different time-frequency analysis techniques to estimate the instantaneous Doppler frequency of range compressed SAR data. In particular, we compare the Wigner-Ville distribution, the Gabor expansion and the Short-Time Fourier transform with respect to their performance in noisy SAR data. Criteria are suggested to quantify the performance of each method in the joint time- frequency domain. It is shown that these methods exhibit sharp signal-to-noise threshold effects, i.e., a certain SNR below which the accuracy of the velocity estimation deteriorates rapidly. It is also shown that the methods differ with respect to their representation of the SAR data.

关键词： Synthetic aperture radar signal to noise ratio image processing Time-frequency analysis Fourier transforms Motion estimation Doppler effect Fermium Frequency modulation Target detection

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HIGH-PERFORMANCE REAL-TIME CLASSIFICATION PROCESSOR USING CONVENTIONAL AND NEURAL processing TECHNIQUES

HIGH-PERFORMANCE REAL-TIME CLASSIFICATION PROCESSOR USING CO...

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4th International conference on Automatic Object Recognition

作者： SHEARS, R GEC MARCONI AVION LTD DIV SENSORSFUTURE SYST K205BASILDON SS14 3ELESSEXENGLAND

ISBN: (纸本)0819415383

Future systems must intelligently preprocess an increasingly large volume of sensor data in real time within the constraints of an airborne environment. A compact, flightworthy, real time sensor processor has been developed which can host both conventional and neural processing algorithms. this will support a wide range of applications including high performance target classification from high resolution infrared imagery. the architecture features software reconfigurability to support different processing tasks and modular upgrade potential. Accurate classification of ship imagery has been demonstrated, using real airborne trials data produced under a range of operating conditions. the system is currently continuing to undergo airborne trials.

关键词： Software development Detection and tracking algorithms Video Digital signal processing image classification Neural networks Video processing Algorithm development Sensors Computer architecture

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WEAKLY SEPARABLE BASES FOR FAST SEGMENTED image-CODING 4

WEAKLY SEPARABLE BASES FOR FAST SEGMENTED IMAGE-CODING

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4th conference on Hybrid image and signal processing

作者： PHILIPS, W STATE UNIV GHENT ELISB-9000 GHENTBELGIUM

ISBN: (纸本)0819415421

In Segmented image Coding (SIC), an image is segmented into several homogeneous regions. In each of the regions, the image intensity function is represented by a weighted sum of orthogonal base functions. In existing SIC-methods, the bases are generated by Gram-Schmidt Orthogonalization of a nonorthogonal polynomial (or sometimes sinusoidal) starting base. Unfortunately, the orthogonal base for a segment depends on the segment's shape and must be recomputed for every region. therefore, the computational demands of SIC are much higher than those of block coding. this paper shows that when the starting base is orthogonalized in a different order, the resulting orthogonal base functions are the product of two component functions. this property is called weak separability. In the weakly separable case, only the component functions appear in computations, which implies that it is not necessary to explicitly evaluate the orthogonal bases. the major advantage of the new approach is that the component functions can be generated quickly using three-term recurrences and that little memory is needed for storing them. Consequently the (components of) the new bases can be computed much faster than the classical bases (typically 10-25 times) and using less memory. this is true, even though both methods produce images of the same subjective quality. the paper also shows that a wide variety of other orthogonal bases is obtained by considering more general starting bases. the spatial properties of the corresponding base functions are described qualitatively; they are determined by two parameter functions and can be modified by appropriately selecting these parameter functions.

关键词： image segmentation image compression image quality Spatial frequencies image transmission Modulation Detection theory Fourier transforms Ions image processing algorithms and systems

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ANALYTICAL COMPARISON OF PRE-DETECTION, POSTDETECTION, AND HYBRID image COMPENSATION TECHNIQUES IN thE PRESENCE OF ATMOSPHERIC-TURBULENCE 4

ANALYTICAL COMPARISON OF PRE-DETECTION, POSTDETECTION, AND H...

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4th conference on Hybrid image and signal processing

作者： HAGERTY, SP YOUNG, JM PECK, CS TILLEY, JN BALL AEROSP SYST DIV BOULDERCO 80306

ISBN: (纸本)0819415421

images obtained from ground-based telescopes are distorted due to the effects of atmospheric turbulence. this disturbance can be compensated for by employing adaptive optics (predetection compensation), image reconstruction techniques (postdetection compensation), or a combination of both (hybrid compensation). this study derives analytic expressions for the residual mean squared error of each technique. these mean squared error expressions are then used to parametrically evaluate the performance of the compensated imaging techniques under varying conditions. Parameters of interest include actuator spacing, coherence length, and wavefront sensor noise variance. It is shown that hybrid imaging allows for the design of lower cost systems (fewer actuators) that still provide good correction. the adaptive optics system modeled includes a continuous faceplate deformable mirror and a Hartmann Shack wavefront sensor. the linear image reconstruction technique modeled is deconvolution via inverse filtering. the hybrid system employs the adaptive optics for first order correction and the image reconstruction for higher order correction. this approach is not limited to correction of atmospheric turbulence degraded images. It can be applied to other disturbances, such as space platform jitter, as long as the corresponding structure function can be estimated.

关键词： Actuators Wavefronts Error analysis Imaging systems Adaptive optics Wavefront sensors Lanthanum Atmospheric turbulence image restoration image filtering

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SCALABLE DESIGN FOR A REAL-TIME OPTICAL CORRELATOR INTERFACED TO A MESH-BASED PARALLEL DIGITAL-COMPUTER 4

SCALABLE DESIGN FOR A REAL-TIME OPTICAL CORRELATOR INTERFACE...

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4th conference on Hybrid image and signal processing

作者： MATthEWS, GD GRIFFIN, RD WESTINGHOUSE ELECT CORP CTR SCI & TECHNOLPITTSBURGHPA 15235

ISBN: (纸本)0819415421

We have designed and are building an acousto-optic, one- dimensional, space-integrating wide band optical correlator that is interfaced to a high-performance parallel computer (HPC) signal processing system through multiple 100 MB/s High Performance Parallel Interface (HiPPI) channels. the optical correlator system provides a high-speed matched filter 'engine' for the HPC, producing a maximum sustained computation rate equivalent to a digital processor operating at more than 15 GFLOPS, but with significantly lower power and volume requirements. the system is intended to demonstrate the synergistic capabilities of a hybrid digital-optical approach. the application is a matched-filter detection system that must perform real-time crosscorrelations between return signals and hundreds of time-warped (dilated or compressed) versions of a transmitted signal. the system uses a layered hardware approach consisting of an optical kernel, a high-speed custom electronic interface layer that keeps the optical kernel operating at peak efficiency, and a VME-based outer layer that uses commercial hardware to provide the main control and interface framework. the system includes multiple HiPPI channels that may be added in a modular fashion, two 12-bit, 200 MSPS arbitrary waveform generators, a 200 MSPS A/D converter subsystem, a custom quadrature demodulation post-processor, a direct digital synthesis clock and control subsystem, automatic gain control electronics, a system controller, and a Sun-based development and monitoring system. the designed system output bandwidth is 128 MB/s, although the optical engine is capable of greater throughput.

关键词： Optical correlators Control systems Clocks Interfaces Adaptive optics signal processing signal detection Analog electronics Data conversion Filtering (signal processing)

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A GROWING PROCESS TO EXTRACT image EDGES 4

A GROWING PROCESS TO EXTRACT IMAGE EDGES

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4th conference on Hybrid image and signal processing

作者： LEU, JG LU, WG NATL CHUNGHSING UNIV DEPT STATTAIPEITAIWAN

ISBN: (纸本)0819415421

Edges are considered to possess the most valuable information of an image. Extracting image edges has been an essential step in many computer vision processes. Intensity gradient has been widely used as a tool to determine the existence of step or ramp edges. thresholding can be applied to extract places where intensity gradient is high. One commonly encountered problem with this approach is that sometimes it is difficult to find an effective threshold value. In this paper we describe a growing process to extract image edges. Our goal is to extract fairly complete edges without many spurious segments. We first detect places where there is a clear indication that an edge exists with a higher gradient threshold value. these places are used as seed edges. these initial seed edges might not be complete. We then lower the gradient threshold to expand the initial edge map to include more and more weaker edge parts that are connected to what has already been extracted. In other words, weaker edges grow out from the seed edge map. Random intensity variations over homogeneous areas, because they are not connected to the seed edges, though their gradient values might be higher than the lower threshold, will not be extracted. We have also developed and utilized a pixel gradient ranking method so the resulting edges are single pixel thick and the extracted edges will locate at places where the intensity change is locally the highest. the approach has been tested on a number of real images and is found to be effective. © 1994 COPYRIGHT SPIE.

关键词： Pixels

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Visualization of surface charge distribution on insulating films using spatial optical phase modulation system

Visualization of surface charge distribution on insulating f...

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International conference on Properties and applications of Properties and applications of Dielectric Materials

作者： T. Kawasaki T. Terashima T. Takada T. Maeno Electronic Measurement Laboratory Musashi Institute of Technology Tokyo Japan Communications Research Laboratories Tokyo Japan

A visualization and a quantification technique of a latent electric charge image on a dielectric material has been developed by using Pockels effect and a computer image processing. An optical phase modulation technique and computer image lock-in amplifier processing were used to improve the signal to noise ratio. the measurement system has several improved performances: a sensitivity of surface charge of 1 nC cm/sup -2/; a spatial resolution of 200 /spl mu/m; and discrimination of the charge polarity. the basic principle of advanced electrooptic surface charge measurement is described and the typical surface charge distribution of a positive discharge streamer produced by an impulse high voltage (5 kV/sub peak/) is demonstrated. A comparison is also made between the modulation method and the nonmodulation method.< >

关键词： Visualization Surface discharges Optical films Charge measurement Dielectrics and electrical insulation Dielectric materials image processing Stimulated emission Optical modulation Optical noise

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AN AUTOMATED TARGET RECOGNITION TECHNIQUE FOR image SEGMENTATION AND SCENE ANALYSIS 5

AN AUTOMATED TARGET RECOGNITION TECHNIQUE FOR IMAGE SEGMENTA...

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5th International conference on applications of Artificial Neural Networks

作者： BAUMGART, CW CIARCIA, CA EG & G ENERGY MEASUREMENTS INC LOS ALAMOS OPERATLOS ALAMOSNM 87544

ISBN: (纸本)0819415472

Automated target recognition (ATR) software has been designed to perform image segmentation and scene analysis. Specifically, this software was developed as a package for the Army's Minefield and Reconnaissance and Detector (MIRADOR) program. MIRADOR is an on/off road, remote control, multisensor system designed to detect buried and surface-emplaced metallic and nonmetallic antitank mines. the basic requirements for this ATR software were the following: (1) an ability to separate target objects from the background in low signal-noise (SIN) conditions;(2) an ability to handle a relatively high dynamic range in imaging light levels;(3) the ability to compensate for or remove light source effects such as shadows;and (4) the ability to identify target objects as mines. the image segmentation and target evaluation was performed using an integrated and parallel processing approach. three basic techniques (texture analysis, edge enhancement, and contrast enhancement) were used collectively to extract all potential mine target shapes from the basic image. Target evaluation was then performed using a combination of size, geometrical, and fractal characteristics, which resulted in a calculated probability for each target shape. Overall results with this algorithm were quite good, though there is a tradeoff between detection confidence and the number of false alarms. this technology also has applications in the areas of hazardous waste site remediation, archaeology, and law enforcement. © 1994 SPIE. All rights reserved.

关键词： image segmentation

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Generalized optimum dynamic bit allocation scheme for source compression

Generalized optimum dynamic bit allocation scheme for source...

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IEEE International conference on image processing

作者： Kai-Kuang Ma S.A. Rajala Institute of Microelectronics (IME) National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering Ctr. for Communication & Signal Processing North Carolina State University Raleigh NC USA

Dynamic bit allocation directly impacts the overall coding performance in block transform (e.g., DCT, Hadamard, etc.) coding, subband coding, and wavelet coding. In very low bit rate coding (such as the evolving MPEG-4 standard), additional factors impacting the bit allocation process need to be identified and properly exploited to achieve optimal coding performance. In the paper, a generalized optimum dynamic bit allocation algorithm is presented. the algorithm is based on the Shannon rate-distortion bound and a weighted distortion criterion using a Lagrange multiplier optimization technique. the results look promising for applications in real-time multimedia communications.< >

关键词： Bit rate wavelet transforms Discrete cosine transforms Error correction Error correction codes MPEG 4 Standard Heuristic algorithms Rate-distortion Lagrangian functions Multimedia communication

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signal EXTRAPOLATION IN NOISY DATA WIth wavelet REPRESENTATION 4

SIGNAL EXTRAPOLATION IN NOISY DATA WITH WAVELET REPRESENTATI...

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4th CONF ON ADVANCED signal processing ALGORIthMS, ARCHITECTURES, AND IMPLEMENTATIONS

作者： LIN, LC KUO, CCJ Univ. of Southern California (United States)

ISBN: (纸本)0819412767

A new approach for signal extrapolation based on wavelet representation known as scale-time limited extrapolation and a denoising process is investigated in this research. We first examine a new signal modeling technique using wavelets and the corresponding scale-time limited signal extrapolation algorithm. then, the sensitivity of the algorithm to noise is discussed, and a denoising algorithm based on the time-localization property of the wavelet transform is proposed. By integrating the denoising process and the iterative scale-time limited extrapolation algorithm, we obtain a very robust signal extrapolation algorithm for noisy data. A simulation result of signal extrapolation from noisy observed data is presented to illustrate the performance of the proposed robust signal extrapolation algorithm.

关键词： wavelets Denoising Interference (communication) signal processing signal to noise ratio Algorithm development Evolutionary algorithms image processing Reconstruction algorithms wavelet transforms

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