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Computation migration: Enhancing locality for distributed-memory parallel systems 93

Computation migration: Enhancing locality for distributed-me...

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4th acm sigplan symposium on principles and practice of parallel programming, PPOPP 1993

作者： Hsieh, Wilson C. Wang, Paul Weihl, William E. MIT Laboratory for Computer Science 545 Technology Square CambridgeMA02139 United States

ISBN: (纸本)0897915895

We describe computation migration, a new technique that is based on compile-time program transformations, for accessing remote data in a distributed-memory parallel system. In contrast with RPC-style access, where the access is performed remotely, and with data migration, where the data is moved so that it is local, computation migration moves part of the current thread to the processor where the data resides. the access is performed at the remote processor, and the migrated thread portion continues to run on that same processor;this makes subsequent accesses in the thread portion local. We describe an implementation of computation migra^ tion that consists of two parts: an implementation that migrates single activation frames, and a high-level language annotation that allows a programmer to express when migration is desired. We performed experiments using two applications;these experiments demonstrate that computation migration is a valuable alternative to RPC and data migration.

关键词： High level languages

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Generating local addresses and communication sets for data-parallel programs 93

Generating local addresses and communication sets for data-p...

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4th acm sigplan symposium on principles and practice of parallel programming, PPOPP 1993

作者： Chatterjee, Siddhartha Gilbert, John R. Long, Fred J.E. Schreiber, Robert Teng, Shang-Hua Research Institute for Advanced Computer Science Mail Stop T045-1 NASA Ames Research Center Moffett FieldCA94035-1000 United States Xerox Palo Alto Research Center 3333 Coyote Hill Road Palo AltoCA943041314 United States Department of Computer and Information Science University of California Santa CruzCA95064 United States Department of Mathematics Massachusetts Institute of Technology CambridgeMA02139 United States

ISBN: (纸本)0897915895

Generating local addresses and communication sets is an important issue in distributed-memory implementations of data-parallel languages such as High Performance Fortran. We show that for an array A affinely aligned to a template that is distributed across p processors with a cyclic(κ) distribution, and a computation involving the regular section A(: h: s), the local memory access sequence for any processor is characterized by a finite state machine of at most κ;states. We present fast algorithms for computing the essential information about these state machines, and extend the framework to handle multidimensional arrays. We also show how to generate communication sets using the state machine approach. Performance results show that this solution requires very little runtime overhead and acceptable preprocessing time.

关键词： Memory architecture

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Array data-flow analysis and its use in array privatization 93

Array data-flow analysis and its use in array privatization

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20th Annual acm sigplan-SIGACT symposium on principles of programming Languages, POPL'93

作者： Maydan, Dror E. Amarasinghe, Saman P. Lam, Monica S. Stanford Univ CA United States

ISBN: (纸本)0897915607

Data-flow analysis of scalar variables and data dependence analysis on array elements are two important program analyses used in optimizing and parallelizing compilers. Traditional data-flow analysis models accesses of array elements simply as accesses to the entire array, and is inadequate for parallelizing loops in array-based programs. On the other hand, data dependence analysis differentiates between different array elements but is flow-insensitive. this paper studies the combination of these two analyses - data-flow analysis of accesses to individual array elements. the problem of finding precise array data-flow information in the domain of loop nests where the loop bounds and array indices are affine functions of loop indices was first formulated by Feautrier. Feautrier's algorithm, based on parametric integer programming techniques, is general but inefficient. this paper presents an efficient algorithm that can find the same precise information for many of the programs found in practice. In this paper, we argue that data-flow analysis of individual array elements is necessary for effective automatic parallelization. In particular, we demonstrate the use of array data-flow analysis in an important optimization known as array privatization. By demonstrating that array data-flow analysis can be computed efficiently and by showing the importance of the optimizations enabled by the analysis, this paper suggests that array data-flow analysis may become just as important in future optimizing and parallelizing compilers as data-flow and data dependence analysis are in today's compilers.

关键词： parallel processing systems

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Efficient implementation scheme of concurrent object-oriented languages on stock multicomputers

Efficient implementation scheme of concurrent object-oriente...

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Proceedings of the 4th acm sigplan symposium on principles & practice of parallel programming

作者： Taura, Kenjiro Matsuoka, Satoshi Yonezawa, Akinori Univ of Tokyo Japan

ISBN: (纸本)0897915895

Several novel techniques for efficient implementation of concurrent object-oriented languages on general purpose, stock multicomputers are presented. these techniques have been developed in implementing our concurrent object-oriented language ABCL on a Fujitsu Laboratory's experimental multicomputer AP1000 consisting of 512 SPARC chips. the proposed intra-node scheduling mechanism reduces the cost of local message passing. the cost of intra-node asynchronous message passing is about 20 SPARC instructions in the best case, including locality checking, dynamic method lookup, and scheduling. the minimum latency of asynchronous internode message passing is about 9 μs, or about 120 instructions, employing the self-dispatching mechanism independently proposed by Eicken et al. A large scale benchmark which involves 9,000,000 message passings shows 440 times speedup on the 512 nodes system compared to the sequential version of the same algorithm. We rely on simple hardware support for message passing and use no specialized architectural supports for object-oriented computing. thus, we are able to enjoy the benefits of future progress in standard processor technology. Our result shows that concurrent object-oriented languages can be implemented efficiently on conventional multicomputers.

关键词： Object oriented programming

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LogP: Towards a realistic model of parallel computation

LogP: Towards a realistic model of parallel computation

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Proceedings of the 4th acm sigplan symposium on principles & practice of parallel programming

作者： Culler, David Karp, Richard Patterson, David Sahay, Abhijit Schauser, Klaus Erik Santos, Eunice Subramonian, Ramesh von Eicken, thorsten Univ of California Berkeley United States

ISBN: (纸本)0897915895

A vast body of theoretical research has focused either on overly simplistic models of parallel computation, notably the PRAM, or overly specific models that have few representatives in the real world. Both kinds of models encourage exploitation of formal loopholes, rather than rewarding development of techniques that yield performance across a range of current and future parallel machines. this paper offers a new parallel machine model, called LogP, that reflects the critical technology trends underlying parallel computers. It is intended to serve as a basis for developing fast, portable parallel algorithms and to offer guidelines to machine designers. Such a model must strike a balance between detail and simplicity in order to reveal important bottlenecks without making analysis of interesting problems intractable. the model is based on four parameters that specify abstractly the computing bandwidth, the communication bandwidth, the communication delay, and the efficiency of coupling communication and computation. Portable parallel algorithms typically adapt to the machine configuration, in terms of these parameters. the utility of the model is demonstrated through examples that are implemented on the CM-5.

关键词： Program processors

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Analysis of event synchronization in a parallel programming tool 90

Analysis of event synchronization in a parallel programming ...

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2nd acm sigplan symposium on principles and practice of parallel programming, PPOPP 1990

作者： Callahan, David Kennedy, Ken Subhlok, Jaspal Tera Computer Company 400 North 34th Street SeattleWA98103 United States Department of Computer Science Rice University HoustonTX77251-1892 United States

ISBN: (纸本)0897913507

Understanding synchronization is important for a parallel programming tool that uses dependence analysis as the basis for advising programmers on the correctness of parallel constructs. this paper discusses static analysis methods that can be applied to parallel programs with event variable synchronization. the objective is to be able to predict potential data races in a parallel program. the focus is on how dependences and synchronization statements inside loops can be used to analyze complete programs with parallel loop and parallel case style parallelism. © 1990 acm.

关键词： Synchronization

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A multi-level load balancing scheme for or-parallel exhaustive search programs on the multi-PSI 90

A multi-level load balancing scheme for or-parallel exhausti...

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2nd acm sigplan symposium on principles and practice of parallel programming, PPOPP 1990

作者： Fumichi, Masakazu Taki, Kazuo Ichiyoshi, Nobuyuki Information Systems and Electronics Development Lab. Mitsubishi Electric Corporation 5-1-1 Ofuna Kamakura247 Japan Institute for New Generation Computer Technology 1-4-28 Mita Minato-ku Tokyo108 Japan

ISBN: (纸本)0897913507

Good load balancing is the key to deriving maximal performance from multiprocessors. Several successful dynamic load balancing techniques on tightly-coupled multiprocessors have been developed. However, load balancing is more difficult on loosely-coupled multiprocessors because inter-processor communication overheads cost more. Dynamic load balancing techniques have been employed in a few programs on loosely-coupled multiprocessors, but they are tightly built into the particular programs and not much attention is paid to scalability. We have developed a dynamic load balancing scheme which is applicable to OR-parallel programs in general. Processors are grouped, and work loads of groups and processors are balanced hierarchically. Moreover, it is scalable to any number of processors because of this multi-level hierarchical structure. the scheme is tested for the all-solution exhaustive search Pentomino program on the mesh-connected loosely-coupled multiprocessor Multi-PSI, and speedups of 28.4 times with 32 processors and 50 times with 64 processors have been attained. © 1990 acm.

关键词： Software testing

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Polymorphic effect systems 88

Polymorphic effect systems

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15th acm sigplan-SIGACT symposium on principles of programming Languages, POPL 1988

作者： Lucassen, John M. Gifford, David K. MIT Laboratory for Computer Science 545 Technology Square CambridgeMA02139 United States IBM Tokyo Research Laboratory 5-19 Sanbancho Chiyoda-ku Tokyo102 Japan

ISBN: (纸本)0897912527

We present a new approach to programming languages for parallel computers that uses an effect system to discover expression scheduling constraints. this effect system is part of a 'kinded' type system with three base kinds: types, which describe the value that an expression may return;effects, which describe the side-effects that an expression may have;and regions, which describe the area of the store in which side-effects may occur. Types, effects and regions are collectively called descriptions. Expressions can be abstracted over any kind of description variable - this permits type, effect and region polymorphism. Unobservable side-effects can be masked by the effect system;an effect soundness property guarantees that the effects computed statically by the effect system are a conservative approximation of the actual side-effects that a given expression may have. the effect system we describe performs certain kinds of side-effect analysis that were not previously feasible. Experimental data from the programming language FX indicate that an effect system can be used effectively to compile programs for parallel computers. © 1988 acm.

关键词： Computer programming languages

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parallel Evaluation of Recursive Rule Queries 5

Parallel Evaluation of Recursive Rule Queries

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5th acm SIGACT-SIGMOD symposium on principles of Database Systems, PODS 1986

作者： Cosmadakis, Stavros S. Kanellakis, Paris C. IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center NY United States Brown University RI United States

We investigate the parallel computational complexity of recursive rule queries. these queries are a subset of first-order relational queries augmented with recursion. they form an important part of the PROLOG language and can be evaluated in PTIME. In [32] Sagiv has shown that it is decidable whether a typed recursive rule query is equivalent to a first-order relational query. We present an alternative proof of this fact We demonstrate a "gap" theorem for these queries. We provide two classes of queries, which can be evaluated in NC, using a logarithmic number of iterations of a first-order query. Finally, we give various, syntactically tight, queries which are logspace-complete in PTIME and cannot be evaluated in this fashion. © 1999 Association for Computing Machinery. All rights reserved.

关键词： Logic programming

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Para-functional programming: A paradigm for programming multiprocessor systems 86

Para-functional programming: A paradigm for programming mult...

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13th AnnuaJ acm symposium on the principles of programming Languages, POPL 1986

作者： Hudak, Paul Smith, Lauren Yale University Department of Computer Science United States

ISBN: (纸本)089791175X

One of the most important pragmatic advantages of functional languages is that concurrency in a program is implicit-there is no need for special constructs to express parallelism as is required in most conventional languages. Furthermore, it is fairly easy for compilers to automatically determine the concurrency as a step toward decomposing a program for execution on a suitable parallel architecture. Yet it is often the case that one knows precisely the optimal decomposition for execution on a particular machine, and one can never expect a compiler to determine such optimal mappings in all cases. this paper is concerned with ways to allow the programmer to explicitly express this mapping of program to machine, by using annotations that, given a few minor constraints, cannot alter the functional semantics of the program. We show through several deeded examples the expressiveness and conciseness of the resulting " para-functional programming methodology, using an experimental language called ParAlfl based on our ideas. We also give a formal denotational description of the mapping semantics using a notion of execution trees.

关键词： Functional programming

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