the paper is primarily concerned with laying out the space of positions that purport to account for semantic context sensitivity of natural language expressions and with making a prima facie case for relativism. I sta...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9783540742548
the paper is primarily concerned with laying out the space of positions that purport to account for semantic context sensitivity of natural language expressions and with making a prima facie case for relativism. I start with distinguishing between pre-semantic, semantic and post-semantic context sensitivity. In the following section I briefly present the classic picture of indexicals due to David Kaplan and assess some arguments for the introduction of certain parameters in the circumstances of evaluation (specifically, time). In section III I envisage two views that purport to expand semantic context sensitivity beyond expressions from "the basic set": indexicalism and contextualism. In section IV, by means of an example taken from John Perry, I draw attention to a specific form of semantic context sensitivity, namely that in which what is affected by context are the circumstances of evaluation of utterances rather than their content. the example leads to the necessity of distinguishing between two roles of context: a content-determinative one and a circumstance-determinative one. In section V I introduce relativism as the view incorporating the claim that context has a circumstance-determinative role and contrast it withthe two views presented before. In the final section I analyze a certain type of argument usually adduced in favor of contextualism (the so-called "context-shifting arguments") and show that in order to work it has to rule out relativism. I conclude by claiming that the battle must be fought by giving arguments to the effect that a certain parameter should or should not be part of the circumstances of evaluation rather than the content of utterances.
context is of crucial importance for research and applications in many disciplines, as evidenced by many workshops, symposia, seminars, and conferences on specific aspects of context. the international and Interdiscip...
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ISBN:
(数字)9783540318903
ISBN:
(纸本)9783540269243
context is of crucial importance for research and applications in many disciplines, as evidenced by many workshops, symposia, seminars, and conferences on specific aspects of context. the international and interdisciplinaryconference on modeling and usingcontext (context), the oldest conference series focusing on context, provides a unique interdisciplinary emphasis, bringing together participants from a wide range of disciplines, including artificial intelligence, cognitive science, computer science, linguistics, organizational science, philosophy, psychology, ubiquitous computing, and application areas such as medicine and law, to discuss and report on context-related research and projects. Previous contextconferences were held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (1997), Trento, Italy (1999, LNCS 1688), Dundee, UK (2001, LNCS 2116), and Palo Alto, USA (2003, LNCS 2680). context2005 was held in Paris, France during July 5–8, 2005. there was a strong response to the context2005 Call for Papers, with 120 submissions received. A careful review process assessed all submissions, with each paper first reviewed by the international Program Committee, and then reviewer discussions were initiated as needed to assure that the final decisions carefully considered all aspects of each paper. Reviews of submissions by the Program Chairs were supervised independently and anonymously, to assure fair consideration of all work. Out of the 120 submissions, 23 were selected as full papers for oral presentation, and 20 were selected as full papers for poster presentation. these outstanding papers are presented in this proceedings.
the volume of Internet spam has reached alarming proportions. this raises interesting debates on a variety of ethical, social, legal and technical issues. Although a fair amount of spam research has been conducted in ...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0975339346
the volume of Internet spam has reached alarming proportions. this raises interesting debates on a variety of ethical, social, legal and technical issues. Although a fair amount of spam research has been conducted in the developed world, the socioeconomic context and technical infrastructure in South Africa is more typical of a developing world and many issues take on new dimensions. this research used a survey to obtain the perceptions of e-mail users on various social and ethical issues regarding spam. Information about the legal and technical issues was gathered using structured face-to-face interviews with six ISPs. the research confirms the typical findings about the high levels of spam, the nuisance factor, the invasion of privacy and cost in terms of time and bandwidth. However, it was also found that that many users find different types of spam morally very offensive. While Bayesian and open source spam-filtering mechanisms are in place at South African ISPs, spam levels are about the same as in Europe and North America. Also, ISPs found that the recently promulgated South African ECT Act fails to deal conclusively with spam.
Faced withthe current pandemic context, in which virtual education has prevailed in most countries, this exploratory research aims to determine the Peruvian teachers' perception about the benefits of using gamifi...
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the always increasing complexity of digital system is overcome in design flows based on Transaction Level modeling (TLM) by designing and verifying the system at different abstraction levels. the design implementation...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9781424410507
the always increasing complexity of digital system is overcome in design flows based on Transaction Level modeling (TLM) by designing and verifying the system at different abstraction levels. the design implementation starts from a TLM high-level description and, following a top-down approach, it is refined towards a corresponding RTL model. However, the bottom-up approach is also adopted in the design flow when already existing RTL IPs are abstracted to be reused into the TLM system. In this context, proving the equivalence between a model and its refined or abstracted version is still an open problem. Infact, traditional equivalence definitions and formal equivalence checking methodologies presented in the literature cannot be applied due to the very different internal characteristics of the models, including structure organization and timing. Targeting this topic, the paper presents a formal definition of equivalence based on events, and then, it shows how such a definition can be used for proving the equivalence in the RTL vs. TLM context, without requiring timing or structural similarities between the modules to be compared. Finally, the paper presents a practical use of the proposed theory, by proving the correctness of a methodology that automaticall), abstracts RTL IPs towards TLM implementations.
this paper proposes a method of context-aware querying in mobile/ubiquitous Web searches, which provides mobile users with four capabilities: (1) context-aware keyphrase inference to help them input a keyphrase as a p...
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context-aware computing faces many challenges mainly due to the increasing number and heterogeneity of context sources, since the Internet of things introduces billions of devices. the development of context-aware app...
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Information professionals in some developing countries are likely to view 'context' differently from those in developed countries. 'context' becomes even more problematic when the searchers for informa...
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Generics are sentences that express generalizations about a category or about its members. they display a characteristic context-sensitivity: the same generic can express a statistical regularity, a principled connect...
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National Geoinformation Center of Bulgaria is a national scientific infrastructure – a consortium with a mission to produce and provide value-added products of Earth observation data gathered by various agencies gove...
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