this paper presents an attempt to point out some problematic issues about the understanding of context. Although frequently used in cognitive sciences or other disciplines, context stays a very ill-defined concept. Ou...
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(纸本)354026924X
this paper presents an attempt to point out some problematic issues about the understanding of context. Although frequently used in cognitive sciences or other disciplines, context stays a very ill-defined concept. Our goal is to identify the main components of the context on the basis of the analysis of a corpus of 150 definitions coming mainly from the web in different domains of cognitive sciences and close disciplines. We analyzed this corpus of definitions through two methods, namely LSA [1], [21 and STONE [3], [4], and we conclude that finally the content of all the definitions can be analyzed in terms of few parameters like constraint, influence, behavior, nature, structure and system.
According to epistemological contextualism, a sentence of the form "S knows that p" doesn't express a complete proposition. Different utterances of the sentence, in different contexts, can express differ...
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(纸本)354026924X
According to epistemological contextualism, a sentence of the form "S knows that p" doesn't express a complete proposition. Different utterances of the sentence, in different contexts, can express different propositions: "know" is context-dependent. this paper deals withthe semantic contextualist thesis grounding epistemological contextualism. We examine various kinds of linguistic context dependence, which could be relevant to epistemological contextualism: ambiguity, ellipsis, indexicality, context-sensitivity of scalar predicates, dependence on standards of precision. We argue that only an accurate analysis of the different varieties of context sensitivity secures us a better understanding and a clearer evaluation of the contextualist approach.
Although being a daily task, the search for a word among others words is a new research domain we investigated in order to find the kinds contextual factors that can facilitate semantic oriented visual search. We repo...
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ISBN:
(纸本)354026924X
Although being a daily task, the search for a word among others words is a new research domain we investigated in order to find the kinds contextual factors that can facilitate semantic oriented visual search. We report two experiments assessing task context, visual context and semantic context. Some of our results are found to be those of classical non-semantic visual search, while others show the impact of the semantic context. Basic recommendations can be find out for Human-Computer conception and cognitive chronometry methodology.
the aim of this paper is to analyze how people build an internal representation of actions done by others by matching observable data (objects, events, spatial and temporal context) with knowledge and by making infere...
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(纸本)354026924X
the aim of this paper is to analyze how people build an internal representation of actions done by others by matching observable data (objects, events, spatial and temporal context) with knowledge and by making inferences about not observable (intention, goal, anticipation, and planning) data. For that purpose, we list the set of dimensions that define "what an action is" accompanied withtheir contextual aspects, and the heuristics used by the human cognitive system. Finally, we propose that processing objects properties in terms of function-to-patient relation between objects, and in terms of patient-to-function within objects, is a possible way to explain the context effects with respect to the fine-grained vs. the large-grained semantic organization of the spatial and temporal context.
A model for context-dependent natural language semantics is proposed and formalized in terms of possible worlds. the meaning of a sentence depends on context and at the same time affects that context representing the ...
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(纸本)354026924X
A model for context-dependent natural language semantics is proposed and formalized in terms of possible worlds. the meaning of a sentence depends on context and at the same time affects that context representing the knowledge about the world collected from a discourse. the model fits well with a "flat" semantic representation as first proposed by Hobbs (1985), consisting basically of a conjunction of atomic predications in which all variables are existentially quantified withthe widest possible scope;in our framework, this provides very concise semantic terms as compared with other representations. there is a natural correspondence between the possible worlds semantics and a constraint solver, and it is shown how such a semantics can be defined usingthe programming language of Constraint Handling Rules (Fruhwirth, 1995). Discourse analysis is clearly a process of abduction in this framework, and it is shown that the mentioned constraint solvers serve as effective and efficient abductive engines for the purpose.
this paper proposes an adaptive resource self-management system that collects system resources, user information, and usage patterns as context information for utilization in self-configuration. this system will ease ...
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(纸本)354026924X
this paper proposes an adaptive resource self-management system that collects system resources, user information, and usage patterns as context information for utilization in self-configuration. this system will ease the system maintenance burden on users by automating a large portion of the configuration tasks such as;install, reconfiguration and update, while also decreasing cost and errors. Working from the gathered context information, this system allows users to select and install appropriate components for their system context. this also offers a more personalized configuration setting by using user's existing application setting and usage pattern. To avoid a center server overload when transferring and managing related files, we employ Peer-to-Peer method. A prototype was developed to evaluate the system with a comparison study usingthe conventional methods of manual configuration and MS-IBM systems was conducted to validate the proposed system in terms of functional capacity, install time, etc...
the way we see the objects around us determines speech and gestures we use to refer to them. the gestures we produce structure our visual perception. the words we use have an influence on the way we see. In this manne...
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ISBN:
(纸本)354026924X
the way we see the objects around us determines speech and gestures we use to refer to them. the gestures we produce structure our visual perception. the words we use have an influence on the way we see. In this manner, visual perception, language and gesture present multiple interactions between each other. the problem is global and has to be tackled as a whole in order to understand the complexity of reference phenomena and to deduce a formal model. this model may be useful for any kind of man-machine dialogue system that focuses on deep comprehension. We show how a referring act takes place into a contextual subset of objects, called 'reference domain,' and we present the 'multimodal reference domain' model that can be exploited in a dialogue system when interpreting.
context effects during Prisoner's Dilemma (PD) game playing are investigated. the Cooperation Index (CI) - a quantity computed as a relation between payoffs - defines a cooperativeness scale, along which PD games ...
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(纸本)354026924X
context effects during Prisoner's Dilemma (PD) game playing are investigated. the Cooperation Index (CI) - a quantity computed as a relation between payoffs - defines a cooperativeness scale, along which PD games can be distributed. context is selected by manipulating the Cl range of the games played. It is found that the level of cooperation depends not only on the CI of the current game but also on the Cl of the other games in the sequence. the influence of context on the full Cl scale is investigated by introducing probe games covering the whole Cl range. the results are compared withthe prediction of a model that takes into account the current game, the previous play history, and the predicted opponent's move. the model is found to be sensitive to boththe Cl and to the CI of the other games form the game set and a very good agreement between the model and the experimental data was found.
theories of context in logic enable reasoning and deduction in contexts represented as formal objects. Such theories are not readily applicable to systems that learn by induction from a set of examples. Probabilistic ...
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ISBN:
(纸本)354026924X
theories of context in logic enable reasoning and deduction in contexts represented as formal objects. Such theories are not readily applicable to systems that learn by induction from a set of examples. Probabilistic graphical models already provide the tools to exploit context represented as statistical dependences, thereby providing a unified methodology to incorporate context information in learning and inference. Drawing on a case study from optical character recognition, we present the various types of dependences that can occur in pattern classification problems and how such dependences can be exploited to increase classification accuracy. Learning under different conditions require differing amounts and kinds of samples and different trade-offs between modeling error due to overly strict independence assumptions and estimation error of models that are too elaborate for the size of the available training set. With a series of examples based on frames of two patterns we show how each kind of dependence can be represented using graphical models and present examples from other disciplines where the particular dependence frequently occurs.
In order to help address problems of information overload in digital imagery task domains, we have developed an interactive approach to the capture and reuse of image context information. Our framework models differen...
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ISBN:
(纸本)354026924X
In order to help address problems of information overload in digital imagery task domains, we have developed an interactive approach to the capture and reuse of image context information. Our framework models different aspects of the relationship between images and the domain tasks that they support by monitoring the interactive manipulation and annotation of task-relevant imagery. In particular, a strong focus on task context serves to ground image annotations in domain specific goals. this contrasts with prevalent annotation schemes that focus on what individual images contain but that provide no context for which, if any, of those aspects are important to users. Our work attempts to leverage a measure of the user's intentions with regard to tasks that they address. We analyze human-computer interaction information that enables us to infer why image contents are important in a particular context and how specific images have been used to address particular domain goals.
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