In offshore technology large diameter steel pipes are often used for pile foundations. Especially when used as foundation elements for offshore wind energy converters, such piles experience not only vertical, but also...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0415408229
In offshore technology large diameter steel pipes are often used for pile foundations. Especially when used as foundation elements for offshore wind energy converters, such piles experience not only vertical, but also substantial horizontal loading. In this paper the interaction between axial and lateral forces acting on vertical steel pipe piles in sand is investigated by means of numerical modelling. A three-dimensional finite element model was developed with a non-linear elasto-plastic material law for the sand. It is found that for axial tension loads the decrease of axial pile stiffness due to horizontal loads has to be taken into account. For axial compression loads as well as for horizontal loading the interaction effects are of minor importance and can be neglected in the design.
numericalmethods based on Lagrangian framework, such as FEM, have widely used in order to predict the deformation of geomaterials. Large deformation, however, induces a significant numerical error due to the distorti...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0415408229
numericalmethods based on Lagrangian framework, such as FEM, have widely used in order to predict the deformation of geomaterials. Large deformation, however, induces a significant numerical error due to the distortion of numerical mesh in Lagrangian scheme. A CIP-based numerical method for large deformation problems of geomaterial is proposed in a series of this study. In the method, geomaterials are assumed to be a fluid that has shear strength based on the Mohr-Coulomb's failure criterion. From previous study, effectiveness of the numerical method was validated using results of real phenomena and model test. the efficacy of proposed method for interaction problems between solid and geomaterials, however, is not investigated in detail. In order to describe the interaction between geomaterials and rigid body, the numerical method is modified and some numerical simulations are conducted in this study the effectiveness of the modified method for interaction problems is discussed based on numerical results.
A numerical study of an embankment (12 m high) on a reinforced earth wall (14 m high) is presented. the embankment is located on a hillside, and the ground was improved with stone columns to increase stability. An ope...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0415408229
A numerical study of an embankment (12 m high) on a reinforced earth wall (14 m high) is presented. the embankment is located on a hillside, and the ground was improved with stone columns to increase stability. An open excavation (11 m deep) supported with an anchored wall, unforeseen during the design stage, was undertaken close to the toe once the embankment construction had started. the multiple interactions between excavation, wall, anchors, improved ground, reinforced earth and embankment, are analyzed in the paper. the global stability of the slope was studied by means of slip circle limit analysis and compared with phi-c reduction analysis by finite element methods. the same finite element model was used to analyze the stresses and deformations due to the embankment construction and open excavation. the results are compared withthe measured vertical and horizontal displacements, total stresses and pore pressures.
this paper concerns the instability process occurring on a cut slope in stiff clays located at the north of the town of Lucera (Southern Italy). this unstable slope lies between a hospital at the top and an abandoned ...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0415408229
this paper concerns the instability process occurring on a cut slope in stiff clays located at the north of the town of Lucera (Southern Italy). this unstable slope lies between a hospital at the top and an abandoned quarry at the toe, which was active until the end of the 1970s. A first landslide was triggered around 1980 and was characterized by a subsequent retrogressive activity this paper presents the results of a coupled elasto-plastic finite difference analysis of the slope behaviour carried out with FLAC(2D), outlining a possible interpretation of the landslide mechanism. the input data have been defined according to field surveys and laboratory investigations on the involved clays. the numerical results show that during the excavation stages the negative excess pore water pressures due to undrained unloading allowed for a temporary slope stability and that subsequently the process of pore pressure equalization caused the slope failure.
Design of laterally loaded short piles is normally based on empirical relationships derived from laboratory and full-scale tests. Finite element analysis (FEA) offers an alternative means to study the mobilisation of ...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0415408229
Design of laterally loaded short piles is normally based on empirical relationships derived from laboratory and full-scale tests. Finite element analysis (FEA) offers an alternative means to study the mobilisation of soil resistance around the pile and the associated failure mechanism. A series of three-dimensional FEA have been carried out to model laterally loaded single short pile, and the results compared against published laboratory and centrifugal model tests for flat ground and near slope conditions. the parameters investigated include the pile geometry, sand relative density pile location relative to slope crest line and direction of lateral force. the results of FEA are also compared withtheoretical solutions, for which relatively good agreements have been achieved. the behaviour of pile rotating about a fixed point and the variation of mobilised lateral soil resistance down the pile are highlighted and discussed against the assumptions adopted in theoretical solutions.
Various numericalmethods have been employed to determine soil deformations around penetrating objects. However, due to extensive computational resource requirements for 3D analysis, soil deformations are usually esti...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0415408229
Various numericalmethods have been employed to determine soil deformations around penetrating objects. However, due to extensive computational resource requirements for 3D analysis, soil deformations are usually estimated from 2D analysis. the adequacy of estimating soil deformations around a 3D penetrating object with a 2D plane-strain analysis has been evaluated in this paper using FLAC(3D) and FLAC programs. the modelling strategy and the use of interface elements in these programs for simulating penetration were outlined. the comparison of strain paths determined from 3D and 2D analyses illustrates the existence of an out of plane deformation component and shows that soil deformations around a 3D geometry with a finite width cannot be estimated solely by a plane-strain analysis. In addition, it is observed that new modelling techniques such as the explicit finite difference formulation can be used to analyze three-dimensional penetration problems.
Several field plate load tests were performed on soft soils stabilized by stone piles installed using the vibro replacement technique in Southeastern United States. In order to simulate field settlement using finite e...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0415408229
Several field plate load tests were performed on soft soils stabilized by stone piles installed using the vibro replacement technique in Southeastern United States. In order to simulate field settlement using finite elements, the actual stone pile diameter has been established using different techniques. the study showed that the diameter of the stone pile was tapered from a maximum value at the surface to a minimum value at a certain depth. By dividing the vibro replaced soil into several layers, the diameter of the stone pile was established by assuming that the dry density of the first layer had reached its maximum value. Also the coefficient of earth pressure for boththe filling material and surrounding soil were obtained based on the hysteretic model presented By Duncan (1983) and the wall movement theory presented by Fang (1997), respectively Using these estimated column diameter and coefficient of earth pressure in constructing the numerical model showed a good agreement between the predicted settlement and the measured settlement.
the Finite Element Method (FEM) has become quite popular among geotechnical engineers as a numerical too] to analyse embankments, foundations, excavations and tunnelling projects. It is realised that the accuracy of t...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0415408229
the Finite Element Method (FEM) has become quite popular among geotechnical engineers as a numerical too] to analyse embankments, foundations, excavations and tunnelling projects. It is realised that the accuracy of the computational results depend on the kind of soil model being used and the selection of the corresponding model parameters. Gradually, the use of more advanced models that are capable of describing more features of soil behaviour increases. However, a feature that has been neglected in most practical applications thus far is the high stiffness at small strain levels (< 10(-5)). Even in applications that are dominated by 'engineering strain levels' (> 10(-3)) small-strain stiffness can play an important role. It may be considered common knowledge that conventional models usually over-predict the width and under-predict the gradient of the settlement trough behind excavations and above tunnels. Small-strain models can improve this. In a recent study on this topic it was evaluated if the introduction of small-strain stiffness would improve the applicability of the FEM in this respect for excavations and tunnelling analysis. the small-strain model itself was developed and validated in another study (Benz, 2006). the results as presented here show that small-strain stiffness is not only relevant to the aforementioned issues, but it also makes finite element solutions less sensitive with respect to the dimensions of the numerical model.
To connect the city of Rotterdam (the Netherlands) to the city of Barendrecht by means of a new Lightrail, a bridge approach to cross a highway had to be built on extremely soft ground. To minimise the expected settle...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0415408229
To connect the city of Rotterdam (the Netherlands) to the city of Barendrecht by means of a new Lightrail, a bridge approach to cross a highway had to be built on extremely soft ground. To minimise the expected settlement and to reduce construction time an innovative foundation with High-Speed-Piles (HSP) and a geosynthetic reinforced mattress was designed and built (piled embankment). the design was performed using both British Standard BS8006 and PLAXIS 2D and 3D numerical simulations. A monitoring program was set up to measure the pile forces and the forces in the geogrid. this paper deals with some specific aspects of the (numerical) design and draws conclusions on the validity of the design methods. Results show that grid forces are generally lower when calculated withthe FEM compared to BS8006 when relatively high embankments are considered. Monitoring results showed that the load carrying system was activated at small geogrid strains, leading to extremely small deformations and high durability. Due to the maximum embankment height of 8.7 m no traffic loads were measured in the geogrids. this, in combination withthe conservative BS8006 design, lead to an extremely high safety factor when comparing calculated and measured forces.
Dynamic compaction method is used to improve the mechanical behavior of underlying soil layers especially loose granular materials. the method involves the repeated impart of high energy impact to the soil surface usi...
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