作者:
Sussman, Gerald JayMIT
Dep of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science Cambridge MA USA MIT Dep of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science Cambridge MA USA
Software engineering needs appropriate tools to support each of the phases of the engineering process. there must be tools to aid with specification and modelling, with synthesis and analysis, with rapid-prototyping a...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0818606207
Software engineering needs appropriate tools to support each of the phases of the engineering process. there must be tools to aid with specification and modelling, with synthesis and analysis, with rapid-prototyping and debugging, with documentation, verification, and testing, and with maintenance of finished products. In addition there must be environmental tools to support the engineering process in the large. Artificial intelligence research often uses programs as theoretical constructs, akin to equations and schematic diagrams, but withthe added feature that programs that embody parts of a theory of the design of programs can be used as tools in the process of theory construction (or software development). Most AI experiments are formulated in Lisp. Lisp has developed into a uniquely powerful and flexible family of software development tools, providing wrap-around support for the rapid-prototyping of software systems.
We investigated the relationship among workers' desires and design of production systems for designing production systems which harmonize workers' desires with company's need. About 1,500 workers in the Ja...
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ISBN:
(纸本)354015762X
We investigated the relationship among workers' desires and design of production systems for designing production systems which harmonize workers' desires with company's need. About 1,500 workers in the Japanese representative manufacturing companies are asked some questions about desires or working life in their working place. Using their response data and analyzing these data by means of principal components and principal clusteres, workers are mostly classified into two groups in every workers' desire pattern. these two groups mutually have quite different and interresting characters from the viewpoint of workers' motivation. More detailed analysis on each group has been developed to abstract some key factors affecting the workers' motivation from various working environment.
作者:
Auch, ManfredFraunhofer-Inst fuer
Arbeitswirtschaft und Organisation Stuttgart West Ger Fraunhofer-Inst fuer Arbeitswirtschaft und Organisation Stuttgart West Ger
Multidimensional scaling is a method for representing objects as points in a space. the similarity between 2 objects is represented by the distance between these 2 points. thus the similarities within a set of objects...
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ISBN:
(纸本)354015762X
Multidimensional scaling is a method for representing objects as points in a space. the similarity between 2 objects is represented by the distance between these 2 points. thus the similarities within a set of objects can be recognized. One further advantage of multidimensional scaling is that ordinal scale level is sufficient for collecting data. the rank order is sufficient and this simplifies data collecting considerably. thus multidimensional scaling proves itself to be widely superior to cluster analysis which has been used up to now for classifying and recognizing similarities. this is proved by practical examples where multidimensional scaling was used for recognizing families of parts in order to design cellular manufacturing systems, for creating groups of products when designing assembly areas, for grouping working places according to tasks and stress criteria when working out design recommendations.
A solution to the problem of multi-criteria choice of small number of constructively different alternatives taking into account the degree of satisfaction associated withthe fuzzy or crisp valued alternatives in the ...
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ISBN:
(纸本)354015762X
A solution to the problem of multi-criteria choice of small number of constructively different alternatives taking into account the degree of satisfaction associated withthe fuzzy or crisp valued alternatives in the case of partially interdependent criteria of unequal importance is obtained. An interactive 2D graphic decision support plus expert system EPOPEE aimed to assist the computer-aided design process of industrial robot installations, is presented. It differs from the analogous systems in a more sophisticated solution of evaluation and choice problems as well as taking into account the peculiarities of technological complexes with mini-robots. the nonstandard inference rules are applied. EPOPEE gives the designer a set of heterogeneous algorithms for the individuality function based decision analysis, allowing cardinal and ordinal (including linguistic), as well as deterministic and possibilistic initial information. An example on the synthesis of a sheet stamping technological line with mini-robots, considered as a decomposable one, is given. the extension of the system to the design of flexible manufacturing shops is presented.
this paper describes a system currently being developed called the “Analyst”. the Analyst is a support system for analysis and design methods. the method support facilities are being implemented using expert system ...
ISBN:
(纸本)9780818606205
this paper describes a system currently being developed called the “Analyst”. the Analyst is a support system for analysis and design methods. the method support facilities are being implemented using expert system or knowledge based techniques. the user can add rules for additional analysis of the application facts. the explicit representation of rules and facts (i.e. the knowledge base) makes it relatively easy to add methods to cover different phases or aspects of the software life cycle.
We report on experiments with Prolog design descriptions and tools in CAEDE (Carleton Embedded System design Environment), an experimental, iconic design environment for multitasking, embedded systems. the philosophy ...
ISBN:
(纸本)9780818606205
We report on experiments with Prolog design descriptions and tools in CAEDE (Carleton Embedded System design Environment), an experimental, iconic design environment for multitasking, embedded systems. the philosophy of CAEDE is to enter structural and temporal design information iconically, via a graphics interface, to serve as the basis for designanalysis and skeleton code generation, and then to enter, under control of the iconic interface, program “strips” to fill in the functional gaps in the skeleton code. the iconic information is converted automatically into a Prolog design data base of facts and rules. CAEDE aims to support incremental design and to be incrementally extensible. In the current implementation of CAEDE, which runs on a SUN workstation supporting design for Ada, the iconic interface is limited to structural design. Here we describe the Prolog side of our research, covering the nature of the facts produced from the iconic input by the current implementation and their use by experimental Prolog tools for structural analysis, temporal analysis and Ada code generation. the aim is to show how Prolog is contributing to the framework of a powerful, extensible design environment.
Engineers of large systems must be concerned with bothdesign of new systems and maintenance of existing systems. A great deal of effort goes into arranging things so that systems may be maintained and extended when n...
ISBN:
(纸本)9780818606205
Engineers of large systems must be concerned with bothdesign of new systems and maintenance of existing systems. A great deal of effort goes into arranging things so that systems may be maintained and extended when needed, and that new systems fit into the context of existing structures. Insight about the support of software engineering can thus be derived by examining how other branches of engineering support their version of the processes of *** embarking on a design project an engineer must first determine the customer's need. this is always a complex process, involving modeling of the customer's situation, to determine exactly what is essential and what is accidental. the specifications derived from this analysis are the input to the design process. the specifications may be expressed in varying degrees of formality. though mathematical formalism is to be desired because it is unambiguous and because it can be manipulated precisely, existing mathematical technique is usually inadequate to precisely specify the requirements. this means that the specification phase must be part of the debugging *** design engineer first attempts to meet the specifications with some existing artifact. If this fails, he attempts to synthesize an artifact that meets the specifications by combining the behaviors of several parts, according to some standard plan. For example, in electrical engineering, a complex signal-processing system can often be composed as a cascade of simpler signal-processing components - an engineer knows that the transfer function of a cascade is the product of the transfer functions of the parts cascaded, if the loading is correct. Such design depends on the ability to compute the behavior of a combination of parts from their specifications and a description of how they are combined. Often such analysis must be approximate, with bugs worked out by simulation and debugging of breadboard *** design strategy is greatly enhanced b
the basic concepts developed for the implementation of an interactive communication simulation program are described. the problems considered include the means of generating mathematical models, the accuracy of those ...
the basic concepts developed for the implementation of an interactive communication simulation program are described. the problems considered include the means of generating mathematical models, the accuracy of those models, the means of exercising the configured models, and the speed of the exercising process.
this volume contains the papers that were presented at the 8th International conference on Formal Modeling and analysis of Timed systems (FORMATS 2010), held September 8–10, 2010, at IST (Institute of Science and Tec...
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ISBN:
(数字)9783642152979
ISBN:
(纸本)9783642152962
this volume contains the papers that were presented at the 8th International conference on Formal Modeling and analysis of Timed systems (FORMATS 2010), held September 8–10, 2010, at IST (Institute of Science and Technology) Austria, in Klosterneuburg, Austria. the modeling andanalysis oftiming aspects of systems is a keyproblem that has been treated independently in several di?erent communities in computer science and related areas. Researchers interested in semantics, veri?cation, re- timescheduling,andperformanceanalysisstudymodelssuchastimedautomata and timed Petri nets, the digital design community focuses on propagation and switching delays, and designers of embedded controllers need to take into - count the time requiredby controllersto compute their responses after sampling the environment. Although the timing-related questions in these separate c- munities have their own speci?c nature, there is a growing awareness that there are basic problems that are common to all of them. In particular, all of these disciplines model and analyze systems whose behavior depends on combinations of logical and timing constraints between occurrences of events. the aim of FORMATS is to promote the study of fundamental and practical aspects of timed systems, and to bring together researchers from di?erent d- ciplines that share an interest in the modeling and analysis of timed systems. Typical topics include (but are not limited to): – Foundations and Semantics: theoretical foundations of timed systems and languages; comparison between di?erent models (timed automata, timed Petri nets, hybrid automata, timed process algebra,max-plus algebra, pr- abilistic models).
Withthe increasing complexity of digital systems, a new approach to system decomposition and modelling must be developed. Such an approach must not only permit a system to be described in a modular fashion, but the b...
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