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Policy-Based Reprogramming for Wireless Sensor Networks

Policy-Based Reprogramming for Wireless Sensor Networks

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ieee international symposium on object/Component/Service-oriented real-time distributed computing Workshops (ISORCW)

作者： Sang Hoon Lee Lynn Choi Yunmook Nah Seungki Hong Jong-Arm Jun School of Electrical Engineering Korea University Seoul South Korea Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering Dankook University Yongin si South Korea Research Laboratory ETRI IT Convergence Technology Daejeon South Korea

Program codes running on the sensor nodes need to be updated from time to time to fix bugs, tune the parameters, insert new functions, or delete useless codes. In this paper, we propose a policy-based reprogramming framework that can optimize the reprogramming process based on the execution characteristics of modules that constitute the WSN applications. To accomplish this we model the characteristics of a module as a tuple of the following four criteria; region, residence, synchronization and real-time properties of the module. According to the class of a module and the type of a reprogramming operation, we adaptively use 3 different reprogramming techniques; efficient code dissemination using connected dominating set, selective code dissemination, and code acquisition. Experimentation results confirm that this policy-based reprogramming can achieve substantial improvement in both the energy consumption and the reprogramming latency compared to existing solutions for various reprogramming scenarios.

关键词： Wireless sensor networks distributed computing Computer bugs Conferences Computer networks Laboratories Sensor phenomena and characterization Energy consumption Delay Large-scale systems

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Managing Variable and Cooperative time Behavior

Managing Variable and Cooperative Time Behavior

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ieee international symposium on object/Component/Service-oriented real-time distributed computing Workshops (ISORCW)

作者： Kirstie L. Bellman Christopher Landauer Phyllis R. Nelson Topcy House Consulting Thousand Oaks CA USA Electrical and Computer Engineering Department California Polytechnic State University Pomona CA USA

this paper is about the requirements and architectural considerations that provide a SORT system with processes for observing, modeling, simulating, predicting, deciding, and acting in an external environment. For our purposes, "real time'' (RT) means coordinated with an external source of time or with sequences of events over which the system has no direct control. It is this unpredictability in the timing of responses that is the hardest constraint on a real-time system design, especially when it is known a priori that the system cannot keep up with all important events, and that "as fast as possible'' is not appropriate for some external interactions. We will describe a testbed that we are developing as a student team project at California State Polytechnic University, Pomona (Cal Poly Pomona) to experiment with SORT strategies, and a set of games that we will use to benchmark performance. then we will describe some useful technical background from several areas: reasoning and representation processes, situation theory, levels of meaningfulness in knowledge, and activity loops. Finally, we show how these concepts apply to SORT agent knowledge and coordination. Our contribution here is to outline a set of problems (in the form of cooperative games) that we hope others in the community will adopt as one method for benchmarking models, methods, strategies, and other processes used in SORT systems.

关键词： real time systems Predictive models Context modeling distributed computing USA Councils Timing Monitoring System testing Conferences Environmental management

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Proposing a Hybrid Software Execution Environment for distributed Embedded Systems

Proposing a Hybrid Software Execution Environment for Distri...

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ieee international symposium on object/Component/Service-oriented real-time distributed computing Workshops (ISORCW)

作者： Yukikazu Nakamoto Kenji Yabuuchi Tatsunori Osaki Takanari Kishida Teruya Hara Issei Abe Akira Kitamura Graduate School of Applied Informatics University of Hyogo Japan OCTOPATH Corporation Japan Fujitsu TEN Company Limited Japan

the size and complexity of large-scale distributed embedded systems such as automotive and process controls have increased recently. Sophisticated systems that are safe and environmentally friendly require numerous types of sensor data, which are collected from various devices and sent to computers through networks. To develop such large-scale distributed embedded systems with high quality and productivity, we have developed a virtual execution environment platform. this platform integrates numerous CPU simulators and various device simulators through the network and provides network-wide simulation functionalities. In this paper, we propose a hybrid software execution environment and describe the development and evaluation of the technology element required in its implementation. the hybrid software execution environment integrates virtual and real software execution environments in order to check functional behavior of distributed embedded software in a more realistic environment. In the environment, CPU simulators and device simulators are implemented as Common object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) objects, and messages in the simulation objects are transferred at the actual rate in the target setting.

关键词： Embedded software Embedded system Computational modeling Large-scale systems Central Processing Unit Automotive engineering Process control Sensor systems Computer networks Productivity

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State-Based Search Strategy in Unstructured P2P

State-Based Search Strategy in Unstructured P2P

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international symposium on object-oriented real-time distributed computing

作者： Kaigui Wu Changze Wu Lu Liu Jie Xu College of Computer Science Chongqing University ChongQing China School of Computing University of Leeds Leeds UK

ISBN: (纸本)9781424470839;9780769540375

Efficient resource search in large-scale unstructured peer-to-peer (P2P) systems remains a fundamental challenge. In order to improve search performance, interest-based search is a good way to tackle the challenge. However, the existing interest-based search algorithms pay attention to user interest model and search history, but ignore some influence factors of improving performance. In this paper, through analysis of node's multi-dimensional quality-of-service (QoS) for search, it is found that node state's information is essential for improving search performance. So a State-Based Search (SBS) strategy is presented by improving Sripanidkulchai's interest-based search model, where Node's state evaluation is based on node's QoS fuzzification. the SBS enhances the methods of shortcuts adding, ranking and selecting, and state's life-cycle is predicted by grey theory. the experimental results show that the SBS can improve performance by reducing search response time and achieving load balance.

关键词： Peer to peer computing distributed computing Performance analysis Routing Filters Large-scale systems History Delay Condition monitoring Educational institutions

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WCET-Driven Cache-Aware Memory Content Selection

WCET-Driven Cache-Aware Memory Content Selection

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international symposium on object-oriented real-time distributed computing

作者： Sascha Plazar Paul Lokuciejewski Peter Marwedel Computer Science 12 Technical University Dortmund Dortmund Germany

Caches are widely used to bridge the increasingly growing gap between processor and memory performance. they store copies of frequently used parts of the slow main memory for faster access. Static analysis techniques allow the estimation of the worst case cache behavior and enable the computation of an upper bound of the execution time of a program. this bound is called worst-case execution time (WCET). Its knowledge is crucial to verify if hard real-time systems satisfy their timing constraints and the WCET is a key parameter for the design of embedded systems. In this paper, we propose a new WCET-driven cache-aware memory content selection algorithm, which allocates functions whose WCET highly benefits from a cached execution to cached memory areas. Vice versa, rarely used functions which do not benefit from a cached execution are allocated to non-cached memory areas. As a result of this, unfavorable functions w. r. t. a program's WCET can not evict beneficial functions from the cache. this can lead to a reduced cache miss ratio and a decreased WCET. the effectiveness of our approach is demonstrated by results achieved on real-life benchmarks. In a case study, our greedy algorithm is able to reduce the benchmarks' WCET by up to 20%.

关键词： Bridges Upper bound real time systems Timing Embedded system Hardware distributed computing Computer science Greedy algorithms Processor scheduling

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A Scheme for Reliable real-time Messaging with Bounded Delays

A Scheme for Reliable Real-Time Messaging with Bounded Delay...

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international symposium on object-oriented real-time distributed computing

作者： K.H. Kim Jing Qian Zhen Zhang Qian Zhou Kyung-Deok Moon Jun-Hee Park Kwang-Roh Park Doo-Hyun Kim EECS Department & DREAM Laboratory University of California Irvine USA Microsoft Research Limited Redmond WA USA Electronics and Telecommnications Research Institute Daejeon South Korea Konkuk University Seoul South Korea

Network-based real-time computing applications which require tightly bounded end-to-end delays have been increasing at a steady rate in recent years. A messaging layer that yields tight bounds on the latencies in detecting message losses and enables the application layer to initiate a timely recovery action has thus become highly desirable. In this paper we present a new reliable real-time messaging scheme called the Delay-Bounded Reliable Messaging Scheme (DB-RMS) that is aimed at meeting such requirements. It is built on top of the UDP sub-layer. DB-RMS provides multiple service options, each with different fault detection/recovery capabilities and different costs in terms of the execution overhead. this feature makes DB-RMS suitable for a variety of applications. the service options and the corresponding support protocols are presented first, followed by a formal analysis on the detection and reaction latency bounds under various service options. A messaging layer prototype using DB-RMS has been implemented. Performance measurements of the prototype implementation have been taken and the positive results obtained are also presented.

关键词： Delay Prototypes USA Councils Computer applications Protocols Measurement Quality of service Performance analysis Streaming media distributed computing

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VIS Analyzer: A Visual Assistant for VIS Verification and Analysis

VIS Analyzer: A Visual Assistant for VIS Verification and An...

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international symposium on object-oriented real-time distributed computing

作者： Sehun Jeong Junbeom Yoo Sungdeok Cha College of Info. and Comm. Korea University Seoul South Korea

ISBN: (纸本)9781424470839;9780769540375

Formal verification plays an important role in demonstrating the quality of safety-critical systems such as nuclear power plants. We have used the VIS verification system to determine behavioral equivalence between two successive revisions in developing the KNICS RPS (Reactor Protection System) in Korea. the VIS accepts a high-level programming language Verilog as input, and its verification results contain valuable information about one reason of the failure. However the VIS offers no graphical interface, and partially displays relevant information necessary to understand the full verification scenario accurately. Many nuclear engineers and verification experts found the information insufficient, and it makes hard to the wide use of the VIS verification system in industry. this paper proposes the VIS Analyzer, a visual assistant for VIS verification and analysis, which can help nuclear engineers take full benefits of VIS without being overwhelmed by incomplete and low-level details. the VIS Analyzer automates the VIS verification processes such as equivalence checking and model checking, and displays the verification results in visual formats. We used a recent case study introduced in to demonstrate its effectiveness and usefulness.

关键词： Hardware design languages Formal verification Educational institutions Displays Computational modeling Computer languages Software safety distributed computing Power generation Inductors

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Multi-objective Exploration of Compiler Optimizations for real-time Systems

Multi-objective Exploration of Compiler Optimizations for Re...

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international symposium on object-oriented real-time distributed computing

作者： Paul Lokuciejewski Sascha Plazar Heiko Falk Peter Marwedel Lothar thiele Computer Science 12 Technical University Dortmund Dortmund Germany Computer Engineering and Networks Laboratory ETH Zurich Zurich Switzerland

With the growing complexity of embedded systems software, high code quality can only be achieved using a compiler. Sophisticated compilers provide a vast spectrum of various optimizations to improve code aggressively w. r. t. different objective functions, e. g., average-case execution time (ACET) or code size. Due to the complex interactions between the optimizations, the choice for a promising sequence of code transformations is not trivial. Compiler developers address this problem by proposing standard optimization levels, e. g., O3 or Os. However, previous studies have shown that these standard levels often miss optimization potential or might even result in performance degradation. In this paper, we propose the first adaptive WCET-aware compiler framework for an automatic search of compiler optimization sequences which yield highly optimized code. Besides the objective functions ACET and code size, we consider the worst-case execution time (WCET) which is a crucial parameter for real-time systems. To find suitable trade-offs between these objectives, stochastic evolutionary multi-objective algorithms identifying Pareto optimal solutions are exploited. A comparison based on statistical performance assessments is performed which helps to determine the most suitable multi-objective optimizer. the effectiveness of our approach is demonstrated on real-life benchmarks showing that standard optimization levels can be significantly outperformed.

关键词： Optimizing compilers real time systems Embedded system Embedded software distributed computing Software systems Standards development Timing Aerospace electronics Computer science

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Understanding and Effectively Preventing the ABA Problem in Descriptor-Based Lock-Free Designs

Understanding and Effectively Preventing the ABA Problem in ...

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international symposium on object-oriented real-time distributed computing

作者： Damian Dechev Peter Pirkelbauer Bjarne Stroustrup Scalable Computing R & D Department Sandia National Laboratories Livermore CA USA Department of Computer Science Texas A and M University College Station TX USA

An increasing number of modern real-time systems and the nowadays ubiquitous multicore architectures demand the application of programming techniques for reliable and efficient concurrent synchronization. Some recently developed Compare-And-Swap (CAS) based nonblocking techniques hold the promise of delivering practical and safer concurrency. the ABA problem is a fundamental problem to many CAS-based designs. Its significance has increased with the suggested use of CAS as a core atomic primitive for the implementation of portable lock-free algorithms. the ABA problem's occurrence is due to the intricate and complex interactions of the application's concurrent operations and, if not remedied, ABA can significantly corrupt the semantics of a nonblocking algorithm. the current state of the art leaves the elimination of the ABA hazards to the ingenuity of the software designer. In this work we provide the first systematic and detailed analysis of the ABA problem in lock-free Descriptor-based designs. We study the semantics of Descriptor-based lock-free data structures and propose a classification of their operations that helps us better understand the ABA problem and subsequently derive an effective ABA prevention scheme. Our ABA prevention approach outperforms by a large factor the use of the alternative CAS-based ABA prevention schemes. It offers speeds comparable to the use of the architecture-specific CAS2 instruction used for version counting. We demonstrate our ABA prevention scheme by integrating it into an advanced nonblocking data structure, a lock-free dynamically resizable array.

关键词： Hazards real time systems Concurrent computing Application software Content addressable storage Data structures distributed computing Computer science Software design Libraries

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Locality-Aware Extension of pi-Calculus to Model Self-Organizing Behavior in Massively distributed Embedded Systems

Locality-Aware Extension of pi-Calculus to Model Self-Organi...

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ieee international symposium on object/Component/Service-oriented real-time distributed computing Workshops (ISORCW)

作者： Dalimir Orfanus Peter Janacik Flávio Rech Wagner ABB Corporate Research Center Oslo Norway Heinz Nixdorf Institute University of Paderborn Paderborn Germany Institute of Informatics Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Brazil

Massively distributed Embedded Systems (MDES) such as Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are gaining increasing attention, since they enable a broad range of novel applications starting from monitoring oceans to exploring distant planets. WSNs consist of hundreds of nodes that have typically very limited recourses (computational, memory, energy, etc.) and are deployed in a dynamic environment, where they have to continuously adapt to new conditions. Due to the small-size requirement of the nodes, they are highly resource-constrained. Because of that, the amount of functionality that may be present in each node is limited. therefore, cooperation between nodes is needed in order to accomplish complex tasks. these facts turn the design of applications for WSNs into a challenge. A promising approach how to deal with it is to use the emergent self-organization metaphor. In this paper a new process algebra (PA) called "Locality-aware extension of π-Calculus" is presented. the algebra is one of several techniques included in a new design methodology for the design of self-organizing behavior in MDES. the method is based on π-Calculus and allows a highlevel description of interactions among processes. As the most important characteristic of self-organization is the restriction of interactions to neighboring elements (localized interactions), we extend the π-Calculus with locality awareness, a necessary abstraction to allow the modeling of self-organization in MDES. To get full locality awareness in π-Calculus, we extended it with concepts for modeling spatiality, probability and time. Moreover, new types of channels are included to cover various types of communication such as distribution, broadcast and aggregation. In order to validate this new PA, we successfully model a self-organizing clustering algorithm for WSNs.

关键词： Embedded system Wireless sensor networks Algebra Design methodology Process design Oceans Libraries real time systems distributed computing Conferences

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