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Thin locks: Featherweight synchronization for Java

Thin locks: Featherweight synchronization for Java

引用

Proceedings of the 1998 Annual acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation, PLDI

作者： Bacon, David F. Konuru, Ravi Murthy, Chet Serrano, Mauricio IBM T.J. Watson Research Cent Yorktown Heights United States

language-supported synchronization is a source of serious performance problems in many Java programs. Even single-threaded applications may spend up to half their time performing useless synchronization due to the thread-safe nature of the Java libraries. We solve this performance problem with a new algorithm that allows lock and unlock operations to be performed with only a few machine instructions in the most common cases. Our locks only require a partial word per object, and were implemented without increasing object size. We present measurements from our implementation in the JDK 1.1.2 for AIX, demonstrating speedups of up to a factor of 5 in micro-benchmarks and up to a factor of 1.7 in real programs.

关键词： Java programming language

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Fast, effective code generation in a just-in-time Java compiler 98

Fast, effective code generation in a just-in-time Java compi...

引用

Proceedings of the 1998 Annual acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation, PLDI

作者： Adl-Tabatabai, Ali-Reza Cierniak, Michal Lueh, Guei-Yuan Parikh, Vishesh M. Stichnoth, James M. Intel Corp Santa Clara CA United States

ISBN: (纸本)9780897919876

A `Just-In-Time' (JIT) Java compiler produces native code from Java byte code instructions during program execution. As such, compilation speed is more important in a Java JIT compiler than in a traditional compiler, requiring optimization algorithms to be lightweight and effective. We present the structure of a Java JIT compiler for the Intel Architecture, describe the lightweight implementation of JIT compiler optimizations (e.g., common subexpression elimination, register allocation, and elimination of array bounds checking), and evaluate the performance benefits and tradeoffs of the optimizations. This JIT compiler has been shipped with version 2.5 of Intel's VTune for Java product.

关键词： Java programming language

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Memory management with explicit regions

Memory management with explicit regions

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Proceedings of the 1998 Annual acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation, PLDI

作者： Gay, David Aiken, Alex Univ of California Berkeley United States

Much research has been devoted to studies of and algorithms for memory management based on garbage collection or explicit allocation and deallocation. An alternative approach, region-based memory management, has been known for decades, but has not been well-studied. In a region-based system each allocation specifies a region, and memory is reclaimed by destroying a region, freeing all the storage allocated therein. We show that on a suite of allocation-intensive C programs, regions are competitive with malloc/free and sometimes substantially faster. We also show that regions support safe memory management with low overhead. Experience with our benchmarks suggests that modifying many existing programs to use regions is not difficult.

关键词： Computer systems programming

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implementation of the Cilk-5 multithreaded language

Implementation of the Cilk-5 multithreaded language

引用

Proceedings of the 1998 Annual acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation, PLDI

作者： Frigo, Matteo Leiserson, Charles E. Randall, Keith H. MIT Lab for Computer Science Cambridge MA United States

The fifth release of the multithreaded language Cilk uses a provably good `work-stealing' scheduling algorithm similar to the first system, but the language has been completely redesigned and the runtime system completely reengineered. The efficiency of the new implementation was aided by a clear strategy that arose from a theoretical analysis of the scheduling algorithm: concentrate on minimizing overheads that contribute to the work, even at the expense of overheads that contribute to the critical path. Although it may seem counterintuitive to move overheads onto the critical path, this `work-first' principle has led to a portable Cilk-5 implementation in which the typical cost of spawning a parallel thread is only between 2 and 6 times the cost of a C function call on a variety of contemporary machines. Many Cilk programs run on one processor with virtually no degradation compared to equivalent C programs. This paper describes how the work-first principle was exploited in the design of Cilk-5's compiler and its runtime system. In particular, we present Cilk-5's novel `two-clone' compilation strategy and its Dijkstra-like mutual-exclusion protocol for implementing the ready deque in the work-stealing scheduler.

关键词： Computer programming languages

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Automatically closing open reactive programs

Automatically closing open reactive programs

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Proceedings of the 1998 Annual acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation, PLDI

作者： Colby, Christopher Godefroid, Patrice Jagadeesan, Lalita Jategaonkar Loyola Univ Chicago Chicago United States

We study in this paper the problem of analyzing implementations of open systems - systems in which only some of the components are present. We present an algorithm for automatically dosing an open concurrent reactive system with its most general environment, i.e., the environment that can provide any input at any time to the system. The result is a nondeterministic closed (i.e., self-executable) system which can exhibit all the possible reactive behaviors of the original open system. These behaviors can then be analyzed using VeriSoft, an existing tool for systematically exploring the state spaces of closed systems composed of multiple (possibly nondeterministic) processes executing arbitrary code. We have implemented the techniques introduced in this paper in a prototype tool for automatically closing open programs written in the C programming language. We discuss preliminary experimental results obtained with a large telephone-switching software application developed at Lucent Technologies.

关键词： Computer systems programming

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implementation and evaluation of fusion and contraction in array languages

Implementation and evaluation of fusion and contraction in a...

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Proceedings of the 1998 Annual acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation, PLDI

作者： Lewis, E.Christopher Lin, Calvin Snyder, Lawrence Univ of Washington Seattle WA United States

Array languages such as Fortran 90, HPF and ZPL have many benefits in simplifying array-based computations and expressing data parallelism. However, they can suffer large performance penalties because they introduce intermediate arrays - both at the source level and during the compilation process - which increase memory usage and pollute the cache. Most compilers address this problem by simply scalarizing the array language and relying on a scalar language compiler to perform loop fusion and array contraction. We instead show that there are advantages to performing a form of loop fusion and array contraction at the array level. This paper describes this approach and explains its advantages. Experimental results show that our scheme typically yields runtime improvements of greater than 20% and sometimes up to 400%. In addition, it yields superior memory use when compared against commercial compilers and exhibits comparable memory use when compared with scalar languages. We also explore the interaction between these transformations and communication optimizations.

关键词： FORTRAN (programming language)

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A portable implementation of the distributed systems Annex in Java 98

A portable implementation of the distributed systems Annex i...

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1998 Annual acm SIGAda International conference on Ada, SIGAda 1998

作者： Tzruya, Yoav Ben-Ari, Mordechai Department of Computer Science Tel-Aviv University Ramat-Aviv69978 Israel Department of Science Teaching Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot76100 Israel

ISBN: (纸本)1581130333

This paper describes an implementation of the Distributed Systems Annex of Ada95. The use of Java to build the Partition Communication Subsystem provides portability and Internet compatibility of distributed applications while retaining the advantages of Ada at the application level. The implementation is done partially in Ada and partially in Java: stubs are generated by the GNAT compiler and the processing of the streams (marshalling and unmarshalling) is done in Ada, while the processing of the messages required to implement the PCS is done in Java for maximal portability. © 1998 acm.

关键词： Java programming language

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Study of dead data members in C++ applications

Study of dead data members in C++ applications

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Proceedings of the 1998 Annual acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation, PLDI

作者： Sweeney, Peter P. Tip, Frank IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Cent Yorktown Heights United States

Object-oriented applications may contain data members that can be removed from the application without affecting program behavior. Such `dead' data members may occur due to unused functionality in class libraries, or due to the programmer losing track of member usage as the application changes over time. We present a simple and efficient algorithm for detecting dead data members in C++ applications. This algorithm has been implemented using a prototype version of the IBM VisualAge C++ compiler, and applied to a number of realistic benchmark programs ranging from 600 to 58,000 lines of code. For the non-trivial benchmarks, we found that up to 27.3% of the data members in the benchmarks are dead (average 12.5%), and that up to 11.6% of the object space of these applications may be occupied by dead data members at run-time (average 4.4%).

关键词： C (programming language)

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Communication optimizations for parallel C programs 98

Communication optimizations for parallel C programs

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Proceedings of the 1998 Annual acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation, PLDI

作者： Zhu, Yingchun Hendren, Laurie J. McGill Univ Montreal Que Canada

ISBN: (纸本)9780897919876

This paper presents algorithms for reducing the communication overhead for parallel C programs that use dynamically-allocated data structures. The framework consists of an analysis phase called possible-placement analysis, and a transformation phase called communication selection. The fundamental idea of possible-placement analysis is to find all possible points for insertion of remote memory operations. Remote reads are propagated upwards, whereas remote writes are propagated downwards. Based on the results of the possible-placement analysis, the communication selection transformation selects the `best' place for inserting the communication, and determines if pipelining or blocking of communication should be performed. The framework has been implemented in the EARTH-McCAT optimizing/parallelizing C compiler, and experimental results are presented for five pointer-intensive benchmarks running on the EARTH-MANNA distributed-memory parallel architecture. These experiments show that the communication optimization can provide performance improvements of up to 16% over the unoptimized benchmarks.

关键词： C (programming language)

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Run-time code generation and modal-ML 98

Run-time code generation and modal-ML

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Proceedings of the 1998 Annual acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation, PLDI

作者： Wickline, Philip Lee, Peter Pfenning, Frank Carnegie Mellon Univ Pittsburgh PA United States

ISBN: (纸本)9780897919876

This paper presents a typed programming language and compiler for run-time code generation. The language, called ML, extends ML with modal operators in the style of the Mini-MLe language of Davies and Pfenning. ML allows programmers to use types to specify precisely the stages of computation in a program. The types also guide the compiler in generating target code that exploits the staging information through the use of run-time code generation. The target machine is currently a version of the Categorical Abstract Machine, called the CCAM, which we have extended with facilities for run-time code generation. This approach allows the programmer to express the staging that he wants directly to the compiler. It also provides a typed framework in which to verify the correctness of his staging intentions, and to discuss his staging decisions with other programmers. Finally, it supports in a natural way multiple stages of run-time specialization, so that dynamically generated code can be used in the generation of yet further specialized code. This paper presents an overview of the language, with several examples of programs that illustrate key concepts and programming techniques. Then, it discusses the CCAM and the compilation of ML programs into CCAM code. Finally, the results of some experiments are shown, to demonstrate the benefits of this style of run-time code generation for some applications.

关键词： Computer programming languages

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