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Module-sensitive program specialization

Module-sensitive program specialization

引用

Proceedings of the 1997 acm SIGPLAM conference on programming language design and implementation, PLDI

作者： Dussart, Dirk Heldal, Rogardt Hughes, John

We present an approach for specializing large programs, such as programs consisting of several modules, or libraries. This approach is based on the idea of using a compiler generator (cogen) for creating generating extensions. Generating extensions are specializers specialized with respect to some input program. When run on some input data the generating extension produces a specialized version of the input program. Here we use the cogen to tailor modules for specialization. This happens once and for all, independently of all other modules. The resulting module can then be used as a building block for generating extensions for complete programs, in much the same way as the original modules can be put together into complete programs. The result of running the final generating extension is a collection of residual modules, with a module structure derived from the original program.

关键词： Computer programming

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Generational garbage collection and the radioactive decay model 97

Generational garbage collection and the radioactive decay mo...

引用

Proceedings of the 1997 acm SIGPLAM conference on programming language design and implementation, PLDI

作者： Clinger, William D. Hansen, Lars T. Northeastern Univ United States

ISBN: (纸本)9780897919074

If a fixed exponentially decreasing probability distribution function is used to model every object's lifetime, then the age of an object gives no information about its future life expectancy. This radioactive decay model implies there can be no rational basis for deciding which live objects should be promoted to another generation. Yet there remains a rational basis for deciding how many objects to promote, when to collect garbage, and which generations to collect. Analysis of the model leads to a new kind of generational garbage collector whose effectiveness does not depend upon heuristics that predict which objects will live longer than others. This result provides insight into the computational advantages of generational garbage collection, with implications for the management of objects whose life expectancies are difficult to predict.

关键词： Object oriented programming

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Exploiting hardware performance counters with flow and context sensitive profiling 97

Exploiting hardware performance counters with flow and conte...

引用

Proceedings of the 1997 acm SIGPLAM conference on programming language design and implementation, PLDI

作者： Ammons, Glenn Ball, Thomas Larus, James R. Univ of Wisconsin-Madison Madison WI United States

ISBN: (纸本)9780897919074

A program profile attributes run-time costs to portions of a program's execution. Most profiling systems suffer from two major deficiencies: first, they only apportion simple metrics, such as execution frequency or elapsed time to static, syntactic units, such as procedures or statements;second, they aggressively reduce the volume of information collected and reported, although aggregation can hide striking differences in program behavior. This paper addresses both concerns by exploiting the hardware counters available in most modern processors and by incorporating two concepts from data flow analysis-flow and context sensitivity-to report more context for measurements. This paper extends our previous work on efficient path profiling to flow sensitive profiling, which associates hardware performance metrics with a path through a procedure. In addition, it describes a data structure, the calling context tree, that efficiently captures calling contexts for procedure-level measurements. Our measurements show that the SPEC95 benchmarks execute a small number (3-28) of hot paths that account for 9-98% of their L1 data cache misses. Moreover, these hot paths are concentrated in a few routines, which have complex dynamic behavior.

关键词： Computer programming languages

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Efficient formulation for optimal modulo schedulers

Efficient formulation for optimal modulo schedulers

引用

Proceedings of the 1997 acm SIGPLAM conference on programming language design and implementation, PLDI

作者： Eichenberger, Alexandre E. Davidson, Edward S. North Carolina State Univ Raleigh United States

Modulo scheduling algorithms based on optimal solvers have been proposed to investigate and tune the performance of modulo scheduling heuristics. While recent advances have broadened the scope for which the optimal approach is applicable, this approach increasingly suffers from large execution times. In this paper, we propose a more efficient formulation of the modulo scheduling space that significantly decreases the execution time of solvers based on integer linear programs. For example, the total execution time is reduced by a factor of 8.6 when 782 loops from the Perfect Club, SPEC, and Livermore Fortran Kernels are scheduled for minimum register requirements using the more efficient formulation instead of the traditional formulation. Experimental evidence further indicates that significantly larger loops can be scheduled under realistic machine constraints.

关键词： Computer programming

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Incremental analysis of real programming languages

Incremental analysis of real programming languages

引用

Proceedings of the 1997 acm SIGPLAM conference on programming language design and implementation, PLDI

作者： Wagner, Tim A. Graham, Susan L. Univ of California Berkeley United States

A major research goal for compilers and environments is the automatic derivation of tools from formal specifications. However, the formal model of the language is often inadequate;in particular, LR(k) grammars are unable to describe the natural syntax of many languages, such as C++ and Fortran, which are inherently non-deterministic. designers of batch compilers work around such limitations by combining generated components with ad hoc techniques (for instance, performing partial type and scope analysis in tandem with parsing). Unfortunately, the complexity of incremental systems precludes the use of batch solutions. The inability to generate incremental tools for important languages inhibits the widespread use of language-rich interactive environments. We address this problem by extending the language model itself, introducing a program representation based on parse dags that is suitable for both batch and incremental analysis. Ambiguities unresolved by one stage are retained in this representation until further stages can complete the analysis, even if the resolution depends on further actions by the user. Representing ambiguity explicitly increases the number and variety of languages that can be analyzed incrementally using existing methods. To create this representation, we have developed an efficient incremental parser for general context-free grammars. Our algorithm combines Tomita's generalized LR parser with reuse of entire subtrees via state-matching. Disambiguation can occur statically, during or after parsing, or during semantic analysis (using existing incremental techniques);program errors that preclude disambiguation retain multiple interpretations indefinitely. Our representation and analyses gain efficiency by exploiting the local nature of ambiguities: for the SPEC95 C programs, the explicit representation of ambiguity requires only 0.5% additional space and less than 1% additional time during reconstruction.

关键词： Computer programming languages

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Transparent filtering of streams in GLADE

Transparent filtering of streams in GLADE

引用

1997 conference on TRI-Ada, TRI-Ada 1997

作者： Pautet, Laurent Wolf, Thomas Computer Science Department ENST Paris Paris Cedex 1375634 France Software Engineering Laboratory Swiss Federal Institute of Technology LausanneCH-1015 Switzerland

ISBN: (纸本)0897919815

In the context of GLADE, the implementation of Annex E of the Ada Reference Manual for the GNAT compiler, a transparent extension of the PCS for performing arbitrary data transforma-tions on the marshaled arguments of remote calls is presented. The concepts underlying the implementation and its implications on the configuration language are shown. A small example elucidates the chosen approach and illustrates at the same time the use of remote accesses to class-wide types for implementing distributed objects in Ada 95. © 1997 acm.

关键词： Ada (programming language)

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Near-optimal intraprocedural branch alignment 97

Near-optimal intraprocedural branch alignment

引用

Proceedings of the 1997 acm SIGPLAM conference on programming language design and implementation, PLDI

作者： Young, Cliff Johnson, David S. Karger, David R. Smith, Michael D. Harvard Univ Cambridge MA United States

ISBN: (纸本)9780897919074

Branch alignment reorders the basic blocks of a program to minimize pipeline penalties due to control-transfer instructions. Prior work in branch alignment has produced useful heuristic methods. We present a branch alignment algorithm that usually achieves the minimum possible pipeline penalty and on our benchmarks averages within 0.3% of a provable optimum. We compare the control penalties and running times of our algorithm to an older, greedy approach and observe that both the greedy method and our method are close to the lower bound on control penalties, suggesting that greedy is good enough. Surprisingly, in actual execution our method produces programs that run noticeably faster than the greedy method. We also report results from training and testing on different data sets, validating that our results can be achieved in real-world usage. Training and testing on different data sets slightly reduced the benefits from both branch alignment algorithms, but the ranking of the algorithms does not change, and the bulk of the benefits remain.

关键词： Computer programming

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Automatic verification of pointer programs using monadic second-order logic

Automatic verification of pointer programs using monadic sec...

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Proceedings of the 1997 acm SIGPLAM conference on programming language design and implementation, PLDI

作者： Jensen, Jakob L. Jorgensen, Michael E. Klarlund, Nils Schwartzbach, Michael I. Univ of Aarhus Aarhus Denmark

We present a technique for automatic verification of pointer programs based on a decision procedure for the monadic second-order logic on finite strings. We are concerned with a while-fragment of Pascal, which includes recursively-defined pointer structures but excludes pointer arithmetic. We define a logic of stores with interesting basic predicates such as pointer equality, tests for nil pointers, and garbage cells, as well as reachability along pointers. We present a complete decision procedure for Hoare triples based on this logic over loop-free code. Combined with explicit loop invariants, the decision procedure allows us to answer surprisingly detailed questions about small but non-trivial programs. If a program fails to satisfy a certain property, then we can automatically supply an initial store that provides a counterexample. Our technique has been fully and efficiently implemented for linear linked lists, and it extends in principle to tree structures. The resulting system can be used to verify extensive properties of smaller pointer programs and could be particularly useful in a teaching environment.

关键词： Computer programming languages

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CLAW, a high level, portable, ada 95 binding for microsoft windows

CLAW, a high level, portable, ada 95 binding for microsoft w...

引用

1997 conference on TRI-Ada, TRI-Ada 1997

作者： Brukardt, Randall Moran, Tom R.R. Software Inc P.O. Box 1512 MadisonWI53704 United States Decision AIDS Canada

ISBN: (纸本)0897919815

Ada 95 provides new tools to support a compiler independent binding that 1) is friendly to Ada programmers, 2) raises the abstraction level, 3) allows resulting applications that have the look and feel of the Windows applications familiar to the end user. These capabilities should help solve Ada's lack of convenient bindings. We have designed and implemented CLAW as a binding to Microsoft Windows NT/Windows 95 using these tools. This paper will discuss the CLAW binding's design criteria, the use of Ada constructs to simplify Windows programming, and our observations on the use of new Ada 95 features, including those for tasking and object orientation. © 1997 acm.

关键词： Ada (programming language)

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Dynamic feedback: An effective technique for adapting computing

Dynamic feedback: An effective technique for adapting comput...

引用

Proceedings of the 1997 acm SIGPLAM conference on programming language design and implementation, PLDI

作者： Diniz, Pedro Rinard, Martin Univ of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara United States

This paper presents dynamic feedback, a technique that enables computations to adapt dynamically to different execution environments. A compiler that uses dynamic feedback produces several different versions of the same source code;each version uses a different optimization policy. The generated code alternately performs sampling phases and production phases. Each sampling phase measures the overhead of each version in the current environment. Each production phase uses the version with the least overhead in the previous sampling phase. The computation periodically resamples to adjust dynamically to changes in the environment. We have implemented dynamic feedback in the context of a parallelizing compiler for object-based programs. The generated code uses dynamic feedback to automatically choose the best synchronization optimization policy. Our experimental results show that the synchronization optimization policy has a significant impact on the overall performance of the computation, that the best policy varies from program to program, that the compiler is unable to statically choose the best policy, and that dynamic feedback enables the generated code to exhibit performance that is comparable to that of code that has been manually tuned to use the best policy. We have also performed a theoretical analysis which provides, under certain assumptions, a guaranteed optimality bound for dynamic feedback relative to a hypothetical (and unrealizable) optimal algorithm that uses the best policy at every point during the execution.

关键词： Computer programming languages

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