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acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation, PLDI 2006 - PLAS 2006: 2006 programming languages and Analysis for Security Workshop

作者： Ertl, M. Anton Casey, Kevin Gregg, David TU Wien Austria Trinity College Dublin Ireland Institut für Computersprachen Technische Universität Wien Argentinierstraße 8 A-1040 Wien Austria

ISBN: (纸本)1595933743

Tree parsing as supported by code generator generators like BEG, burg, iburg, lburg and ml-burg is a popular instruction selection method. There are two existing approaches for implementing tree parsing: dynamic programming, and tree-parsing automata;each approach has its advantages and disadvantages. We propose a new implementation approach that combines the advantages of both existing approaches: we start out with dynamic programming at compile time, but at every step we generate a state for a tree-parsing automaton, which is used the next time a tree matching the state is found, turning the instruction selector into a fast tree-parsing automaton. We have implemented this approach in the Gforth code generator. The implementation required little effort and reduced the startup time of Gforth by up to a factor of 2.5. Copyright © 2006 acm.

关键词： Automatic programming

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Algorithm specialization in generic programming: Challenges of constrained generics in C++ 06

Algorithm specialization in generic programming: Challenges ...

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acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation, PLDI 2006 - PLAS 2006: 2006 programming languages and Analysis for Security Workshop

作者： Järvi, Jaakko Gregor, Douglas Willcock, Jeremiah Lumsdaine, Andrew Siek, Jeremy Texas A and M University United States Indiana University United States Rice University United States

ISBN: (纸本)1595933743

Generic programming has recently emerged as a paradigm for developing highly reusable software libraries, most notably in C++. We have designed and implemented a constrained generics extension for C++ to support modular type checking of generic algorithms and to address other issues associated with unconstrained generics. To be as broadly applicable as possible, generic algorithms are defined with minimal requirements on their inputs. At the same time, to achieve a high degree of efficiency, generic algorithms may have multiple implementations that exploit features of specific classes of inputs. This process of algorithm specialization relies on non-local type information and conflicts directly with the local nature of modular type checking. In this paper, we review the design and implementation of our extensions for generic programming in C++, describe the issues of algorithm specialization and modular type checking in detail, and discuss the important design tradeoffs in trying to accomplish *** present the particular design that we chose for our implementation, with the goal of hitting the sweet spot in this interesting design space. Copyright © 2006 acm.

关键词： Computer programming

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A region-based compilation technique for dynamic compilers

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acm TRANSACTIONS ON programming languageS AND SYSTEMS 2006年第1期28卷 134-174页

作者： Suganuma, T Yasue, T Nakatani, T IBM Japan Ltd Tokyo Res Lab Yamato 2428502 Japan

Method inlining and data flow analysis are two major optimization components for effective program transformations, but they often suffer from the existence of rarely or never executed code contained in the target method. One major problem lies in the assumption that the compilation unit is partitioned at method boundaries. This article describes the design and implementation of a region-based compilation technique in our dynamic optimization framework, in which the compiled regions are selected as code portions without rarely executed code. The key parts of this technique are the region selection, partial inlining, and region exit handling. For region selection, we employ both static heuristics and dynamic profiles to identify and eliminate rare sections of code. The region selection process and method inlining decisions are interwoven, so that method inlining exposes other targets for region selection, while the region selection in the inline target conserves the inlining budget, allowing more method inlining to be performed. The inlining process can be performed for parts of a method, not just for the entire body of the method. When the program attempts to exit from a region boundary, we trigger recompilation and then use on-stack replacement to continue the execution from the corresponding entry point in the recompiled code. We have implemented these techniques in our Java JIT compiler, and conducted a comprehensive evaluation. The experimental results show that our region-based compilation approach achieves approximately 4% performance improvement on average, while reducing the compilation overhead by 10% to 30%, in comparison to the traditional method-based compilation techniques.

关键词： performance design experimentation region-based compilation dynamic compilation partial inlining on-stack replacement JIT compiler

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Shared memory programming for large scale machines 06

Shared memory programming for large scale machines

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PLDI 2006 - 2006 acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation

作者： Barton, Christopher Caşcaval, CǍlin Almási, George Zheng, Yili Farreras, Montse Chatterjee, Siddhartha Amaral, José Nelson Department of Computing Science University of Alberta Edmonton Canada School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette IN IBM T.J. Watson Researcn Center Yorktown Heights NY 10598 Department of Computer Architecture Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya Barcelona Spain

ISBN: (纸本)1595933204

This paper describes the design and implementation of a scalable run-time system and an optimizing compiler for Unified Parallel C (UPC). An experimental evaluation on BlueGene/L®, a distributed-memory machine, demonstrates that the combination of the compiler with the runtime system produces programs with performance comparable to that of efficient MPI programs and good performance scalability up to hundreds of thousands of processors. Our runtime system design solves the problem of maintaining shared object consistency efficiently in a distributed memory machine. Our compiler infrastructure simplifies the code generated for parallel loops in UPC through the elimination of affinity tests, eliminates several levels of indirection for accesses to segments of shared arrays that the compiler can prove to be local, and implements remote update operations through a lower-cost asynchronous message. The performance evaluation uses three well-known benchmarks - HPC RandomAccess, HPC STREAM and NAS CG - to obtain scaling and absolute performance numbers for these benchmarks on up to 131072 processors, the full BlueGene/L machine. These results were used to win the HPC Challenge Competition at SC05 in Seattle WA, demonstrating that PGAS languages support both productivity and performance. Copyright © 2006 acm.

关键词： Computer programming

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Accurate, efficient, and adaptive calling context profiling 06

Accurate, efficient, and adaptive calling context profiling

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PLDI 2006 - 2006 acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation

作者： Zhuang, Xiaotong Serrano, Mauricio J. Cain, Harold W. Choi, Jong-Deok Georgia Institute of Technology IBM T.J. Watson Research Center

ISBN: (纸本)1595933204

Calling context profiles are used in many inter-procedural code optimizations and in overall program understanding. Unfortunately, the collection of profile information is highly intrusive due to the high frequency of method calls in most applications. Previously proposed calling-context profiling mechanisms consequently suffer from either low accuracy, high overhead, or both. We have developed a new approach for building the calling context tree at runtime, called adaptive bursting. By selectively inhibiting redundant profiling, this approach dramatically reduces overhead while preserving profile accuracy. We first demonstrate the drawbacks of previously proposed calling context profiling mechanisms. We show that a low-overhead solution using sampled stack-walking alone is less than 50% accurate, based on degree of overlap with a complete calling-context tree. We also show that a static bursting approach collects a highly accurate profile, but causes an unacceptable application slowdown. Our adaptive solution achieves 85% degree of overlap and provides an 88% hot-edge coverage when using a 0.1 hot-edge threshold, while dramatically reducing overhead compared to the static bursting approach. Copyright © 2006 acm.

关键词： Computer programming

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A framework for unrestricted whole-program optimization 06

A framework for unrestricted whole-program optimization

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acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation, PLDI 2006 - PLAS 2006: 2006 programming languages and Analysis for Security Workshop

作者： Triantafyllis, Spyridon Bridges, Matthew J. Raman, Easwaran Ottoni, Guilherme August, David I. Department of Computer Science Princeton University United States

ISBN: (纸本)1595933743

Procedures have long been the basic units of compilation in conventional optimization frameworks. However, procedures are typically formed to serve software engineering rather than optimization goals, arbitrarily constraining code transformations. Techniques, such as aggressive inlining and interprocedural optimization, have been developed to alleviate this problem, but, due to code growth and compile time issues, these can be applied only *** paper introduces the Procedure Boundary Elimination (PBE) compilation framework, which allows unrestricted whole-program optimization. PBE allows all intra-procedural optimizations and analyses to operate on arbitrary subgraphs of the program, regardless of the original procedure boundaries and without resorting to inlining. In order to control compilation time, PBE also introduces novel extensions of region formation and encapsulation. PBE enables targeted code specialization, which recovers the specialization benefits of inlining while keeping code growth in check. This paper shows that PBE attains better performance than inlining with half the code growth. Copyright © 2006 acm.

关键词： Computer programming

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Practical dynamic software updating for C 06

Practical dynamic software updating for C

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acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation, PLDI 2006 - PLAS 2006: 2006 programming languages and Analysis for Security Workshop

作者： Neamtiu, Iulian Hicks, Michael Stoyle, Gareth Oriol, Manuel University of Maryland United States University of Cambridge United Kingdom ETH Zurich Switzerland

ISBN: (纸本)1595933743

Software updates typically require stopping and restarting an application, but many systems cannot afford to halt service, or would prefer not to. Dynamic software updating (DSU) addresses this difficulty by permitting programs to be updated while they run. DSU is appealing compared to other approaches for on-line upgrades because it is quite general and requires no redundant hardware. The challenge is in making DSU practical: it should be flexible, and yet safe, efficient, and easy to *** this paper, we present Ginseng, a DSU implementation for C that aims to meet this challenge. We compile programs specially so that they can be dynamically patched, and generate most of a dynamic patch automatically. Ginseng performs a series of analyses that when combined with some simple runtime support ensure that an update will not violate type-safety while guaranteeing that data is kept up-to-date. We have used Ginseng to construct and dynamically apply patches to three substantial open-source server programs - -Very Secure FTP daemon, OpenSSH sshd daemon, and GNU Zebra. In total, we dynamically patched each program with three years' worth of releases. Though the programs changed substantially, the majority of updates were easy to generate. Performance experiments show that all patches could be applied in less than 5 ms, and that the overhead on application throughput due to updating support ranged from 0 to at most 32%. Copyright © 2006 acm.

关键词： C (programming language)

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Eventrons: A safe programming construct for high-frequency hard real-time applications 06

Eventrons: A safe programming construct for high-frequency h...

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acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation, PLDI 2006 - PLAS 2006: 2006 programming languages and Analysis for Security Workshop

作者： Spoonhower, Daniel Auerbach, Joshua Bacon, David F. Cheng, Perry Grove, David Carnegie Mellon University United States IBM Research

ISBN: (纸本)1595933743

While real-time garbage collection has achieved worst-case latencies on the order of a millisecond, this technology is approaching its practical limits. For tasks requiring extremely low latency, and especially periodic tasks with frequencies above 1 KHz, Java programmers must currently resort to the NoHeapRealtimeThread construct of the Real-Time Specification for Java. This technique requires expensive run-time checks, can result in unpredictable low-level exceptions, and inhibits communication with the rest of the garbage-collected application. We present Eventrons, a programming construct that can arbitrarily preempt the garbage collector, yet guarantees safety and allows its data to be visible to the garbage-collected heap. Eventrons are a strict subset of Java, and require no run-time memory access checks. Safety is enforced using a data-sensitive analysis and simple run-time support with extremely low overhead. We have implemented Eventrons in IBM's J9 Java virtual machine, and present experimental results in which we ran Eventrons at frequencies up to 22 KHz (a 45 s period). Across 10 million periods, 99.997% of the executions ran within 10 ss of their deadline, compared to 99.999% of the executions of the equivalent program written in C. Copyright © 2006 acm.

关键词： Computer programming

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Efficient control flow quantification 06

Efficient control flow quantification

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21st Annual acm sigplan conference on Object-oriented programming Systems, languages, and Applications, OOPSLA 2006

作者： Bockisch, Christoph Kanthak, Sebastian Haupt, Michael Arnold, Matthew Mezini, Mira Software Technology Group Darmstadt University of Technology Germany Software Architecture Research Group Hasso Plattner Institute for Software Systems Engineering Potsdam Germany IBM T. J.Watson Research Center Yorktown Heights NY United States

ISBN: (纸本)1595933484

Aspect-oriented programming (AOP) is increasingly gaining in popularity. However, the focus of aspect-oriented language research has been mostly on language design issues;efficient implementation techniques have been less popular. As a result, the performance of certain AOP constructs is still poor. This is in particular true for constructs that rely on dynamic properties of the execution (e.g., the cflow construct).In this paper, we present efficient implementation techniques for cflow that exploit direct access to internal structures of the virtual machine running an application, such as the call stack, as well as the integration of these techniques into the just-in-time compiler code generation *** results show that AOP has the potential to make programs that need to define control flow-dependent behavior not only more modular but also more efficient. By making means for control flow-dependent behavior part of the language, AOP opens the possibility of applying sophisticated compiler optimizations that are out of reach for application programmers. Copyright © 2006 acm.

关键词： Object oriented programming

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SAFECode: Enforcing alias analysis for weakly typed languages 06

SAFECode: Enforcing alias analysis for weakly typed language...

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PLDI 2006 - 2006 acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation

作者： Dhurjati, Dinakar Kowshik, Sumant Adve, Vikram University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign

ISBN: (纸本)1595933204

Static analysis of programs in weakly typed languages such as C and C++ is generally not sound because of possible memory errors due to dangling pointer references, uninitialized pointers, and array bounds overflow. We describe a compilation strategy for standard C programs that guarantees that aggressive interprocedural pointer analysis (or less precise ones), a call graph, and type information for a subset of memory, are never invalidated by any possible memory errors. We formalize our approach as a new type system with the necessary run-time checks in operational semantics and prove the correctness of our approach for a subset of C. Our semantics provide the foundation for other sophisticated static analyses to be applied to C programs with a guarantee of soundness. Our work builds on a previously published transformation called Automatic Pool Allocation to ensure that hard-to-detect memory errors (dangling pointer references and certain array bounds errors) cannot invalidate the call graph, points-to information or type information. The key insight behind our approach is that pool allocation can be used to create a run-time partitioning of memory that matches the compile-time memory partitioning in a points-to graph, and efficient checks can be used to isolate the run-time partitions. Furthermore, we show that the sound analysis information enables static checking techniques that eliminate many run-time checks. Our approach requires no source code changes, allows memory to be managed explicitly, and does not use meta-data on pointers or individual tag bits for memory. Using several benchmarks and system codes, we show experimentally that the run-time overheads are low (less than 10% in nearly all cases and 30% in the worst case we have seen). We also show the effectiveness of static analyses in eliminating run-time checks. Copyright © 2006 acm.

关键词： C (programming language)

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