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Scannerless NSLR(1) parsing of programming languages

sigplan Notices (acm Special Interest Group on programming languages) 1989年第7期24卷 170-178页

作者： Salomon, Daniel J. Cormack, Gordon V. Univ of Waterloo Canada

The disadvantages of traditional two-phase parsing (a scanner phase preprocessing input for a parser phase) are discussed. We present metalanguage enhancements for context-free grammars that allow the syntax of programming languages to be completely described in a single grammar. The enhancements consist of two new grammar rules, the exclusion rule, and the adjacency-restriction rule. We also present parser construction techniques for building parsers from these enhanced grammars, that eliminate the need for a scanner phase.

关键词： Computer Operating Systems

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Experiences creating a portable Cedar

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sigplan Notices (acm Special Interest Group on programming languages) 1989年第7期24卷 322-329页

作者： Atkinson, Russ Demers, Alan Hauser, Carl Jacobi, Christian Kessler, Peter Weiser, Mark Xerox PARC United States

Cedar is the name for both a language and an environment in use in the Computer Science Laboratory at Xerox PARC since 1980. The Cedar language is a superset of Mesa, the major additions being garbage collection and runtime types. Neither the language nor the environment was originally intended to be portable, and for many years ran only on D-machines at PARC and a few other locations in Xerox. We recently re-implemented the language to make it portable across many different architectures. We present a brief description of the Cedar language, our portability strategy for the compiler and runtime, our manner of making connections to other languages and the Unix operating system, and some measures of the performance of our 'Portable Cedar'.

关键词： Computer programming languages

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Java™ on the bare metal of wireless sensor devices the squawk java virtual machine

Java™ on the bare metal of wireless sensor devices the squa...

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VEE 2006 - 2nd International conference on Virtual Execution Environments

作者： Simon, Doug Cifuentes, Cristina Cleal, Dave Daniels, John White, Derek Sun Microsystems Laboratories 16 Network Drive Menlo Park CA 94025 United States Sun Microsystems Laboratories Level 10 80 Albert Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia Syntropy Limited 2 Stambourne Way West Wickham Kent BR4 9NF United Kingdom Sun Microsystems Laboratories One Network Drive Burlington MA 01803 United States

The Squawk virtual machine is a small Java™ virtual machine (VM) written mostly in Java that runs without an operating system on a wireless sensor platform. Squawk translates standard class file into an internal pre-linked, position independent format that is compact and allows for efficient execution of bytecodes that have been placed into a read-only memory. In addition, Squawk implements an application isolation mechanism whereby applications are represented as object and are therefore treated as first class objects (i.e., they can be reified): Application isolation also enables Squawk to run multiple applications at once with all immutable state being shared between the applications. Mutable state is not shared. The combination of these features reduce the memory footprint of the VM, making it ideal for deployment on small devices. Squawk provides a wireless API that allows developers to write applications for wireless sensor networks (WSNs), this API is an extension of the generic connection framework (GCF). Authentication of deployed files on the wireless device and migration of applications between devices is also performed by the VM. This paper describes the design and implementation of the Squawk VM as applied to the Sun™ Small Programmable Object Technology (SPOT) wireless device;a device developed at Sun Microsystems Laboratories for experimentation with wireless sensor and actuator applications.

关键词： Java programming language

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Hybrid Context-Sensitivity for Points-To Analysis 13

Hybrid Context-Sensitivity for Points-To Analysis

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acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation

作者： George Kastrinis Yannis Smaragdakis Department of Informatics University of Athens

ISBN: (纸本)9781450320146

Context-sensitive points-to analysis is valuable for achieving high precision with good performance. The standard flavors of context-sensitivity are call-site-sensitivity (kCFA) and object-sensitivity. Combining both flavors of context-sensitivity increases precision but at an infeasibly high cost. We show that a selective combination of call-site- and object-sensitivity for Java points-to analysis is highly profitable. Namely, by keeping a combined context only when analyzing selected language features, we can closely approximate the precision of an analysis that keeps both contexts at all times. In terms of speed, the selective combination of both kinds of context not only vastly outperforms non-selective combinations but is also faster than a mere object-sensitive analysis. This result holds for a large array of analyses (e.g., 1-object-sensitive, 2-object-sensitive with a context-sensitive heap, type-sensitive) establishing a new set of performance/precision sweet spots.

关键词： Points-to analysis Context-sensitivity Object-sensitivity Type-sensitivity Algorithms languages Performance language algorithms Analysis Flavoring Agents Precision language feature

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XMem: Type-safe, transparent, shared memory for cross-runtime communication and coordination

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acm sigplan NOTICES 2008年第6期43卷 327-338页

作者： Wegiel, Michal Krintz, Chandra Univ Calif Santa Barbara Dept Comp Sci Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA

Developers commonly build contemporary enterprise applications using type-safe, component-based platforms, such as J2EE, and architect them to comprise multiple tiers, such as a web container, application server, and database engine. Administrators increasingly execute each tier in its own managed runtime environment (MRE) to improve reliability and to manage system complexity through the fault containment and modularity offered by isolated MRE instances. Such isolation, however, necessitates expensive cross-tier communication based on protocols such as object serialization and remote procedure calls. Administrators commonly co-locate communicating MREs on a single host to reduce communication overhead and to better exploit increasing numbers of available processing cores. However, state-of-the-art MREs offer no support for more efficient communication between co-located MREs, while fast inter-process communication mechanisms, such as shared memory, are widely available as a standard operating system service on most modern platforms. To address this growing need, we present the design and implementation of XMem - type-safe, transparent, shared memory support for co-located MREs. XMem guarantees type-safety through coordinated, parallel, multi-process class loading and garbage collection. To avoid introducing any level of indirection, XMem manipulates virtual memory mapping. In addition, object sharing in XMem is fully transparent: shared objects are identical to local objects in terms of field access, synchronization, garbage collection, and method invocation, with the only difference being that shared-to-private pointers are disallowed. XMem facilitates easy integration and use by existing communication technologies and software systems, such as RMI, JNDI, JDBC, serialization/XML, and network sockets. We have implemented XMem in the open-source, production-quality HotSpot Java Virtual Machine. Our experimental evaluation, based on core communication technologies un

关键词： design experimentation languages management measurement performance interprocess communication managed runtimes shared memory transparent type-safe garbage collection synchronization class loading parallel

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Dependence analysis for pointer variables

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sigplan Notices (acm Special Interest Group on programming languages) 1989年第7期24卷 28-40页

作者： Horwitz, Susan Pfeiffer, Phil Reps, Thomas Univ of Wisconsin United States

Our concern is how to determine data dependences between program constructs in programming languages with pointer variables. We are particularly interested in computing data dependences for languages that manipulate heap-allocated storage, such as Lisp and Pascal. We have defined a family of algorithms that compute safe approximations to the flow, output, and anti-dependences of a program written in such a language. Our algorithms account for destructive updates to fields of a structure and thus are not limited to the cases where all structures are trees or acyclic graphs;they are applicable to programs that build cyclic structures. For structured programming constructs, the technique can be extended to distinguish between loop-carried and loop-independent dependences, as well as to determine lower bounds on minimum distances for loop-carried dependences.

关键词： Computer programming languages

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Framework for construction and evaluation of high-level specifications for program analysis techniques

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sigplan Notices (acm Special Interest Group on programming languages) 1989年第7期24卷 1-12页

作者： Venkatesh, G.A. Univ of Wisconsin United States

We have developed and implemented a framework that can be used to construct concise high-level specifications of program analysis techniques. Use of such a framework in a system such as the Synthesizer Generator allows program analysis techniques to be incorporated into program development environments without a need to supply implementation details. This aids in rapid development of new program analysis techniques as well as techniques that share common features but are customized for specific applications. The choice of a denotational framework to express these specifications allows formal proofs of correctness to be established for each of these analysis techniques. The facilities provided by the framework result in clear and concise specifications that aid in the understanding of the corresponding analysis techniques.

关键词： Computer programming languages

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P: Safe Asynchronous Event-Driven programming 13

P: Safe Asynchronous Event-Driven Programming

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acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation

作者： Ankush Desai Vivek Gupta Ethan Jackson Shaz Qadeer Sriram Rajamani Damien Zufferey Microsoft IST Austria

ISBN: (纸本)9781450320146

We describe the design and implementation of P, a domain-specific language to write asynchronous event driven code. P allows the programmer to specify the system as a collection of interacting state machines, which communicate with each other using events. P unifies modeling and programming into one activity for the programmer. Not only can a P program be compiled into executable code, but it can also be tested using model checking techniques. P allows the programmer to specify the environment, used to "close" the system during testing, as nondeterministic ghost machines. Ghost machines are erased during compilation to executable code; a type system ensures that the erasure is semantics preserving. The P language is designed so that a P program can be checked for responsiveness-the ability to handle every event in a timely manner. By default, a machine needs to handle every event that arrives in every state. But handling every event in every state is impractical. The language provides a notion of deferred events where the programmer can annotate when she wants to delay processing an event. The default safety checker looks for presence of unhandled events. The language also provides default liveness checks that an event cannot be potentially deferred forever. P was used to implement and verify the core of the USB device driver stack that ships with Microsoft Windows 8. The resulting driver is more reliable and performs better than its prior incarnation (which did not use P); we have more confidence in the robustness of its design due to the language abstractions and verification provided by P.

关键词： Domain-specific language Device driver Event-driven programming State machine Verification Systematic testing state machines Computer personnel event-driven programming Verification device drivers Phosphorus Executable code Device Programmer Component application-specific language language Microsoft Windows(software)

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Sketching stencils

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acm sigplan NOTICES 2007年第6期42卷 167-178页

作者： Solar-Lezama, Armando Arnold, Gilad Tancau, Liviu Bodik, Rastislav Saraswat, Vijay Seshia, Sanjit IBM Corp TJ Watson Res Ctr Armonk NY 10504 USA Univ Calif Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720 USA

Performance of stencil computations can be significantly improved through smart implementations that improve memory locality, computation reuse, or parallelize the computation. Unfortunately, efficient implementations are hard to obtain because they often involve non-traditional transformations, which means that they cannot be produced by optimizing the reference stencil with a compiler. In fact, many stencils are produced by code generators that were tediously handcrafted. In this paper, we show how stencil implementations can be produced with sketching. Sketching is a software synthesis approach where the programmer develops a partial implementation a sketch-and a separate specification of the desired functionality given by a reference (unoptimized) stencil. The synthesizer then completes the sketch to behave like the specification, filling in code fragments that are difficult to develop manually. Existing sketching systems work only for small finite programs, i.e., programs that can be represented as small Boolean circuits. In this paper, we develop a sketching synthesizer that works for stencil computations, a large class of programs that, unlike circuits, have unbounded inputs and outputs, as well as an unbounded number of computations. The key contribution is a reduction algorithm that turns a stencil into a circuit, allowing us to synthesize stencils using an existing sketching synthesizer.

关键词： languages design performance sketching stencil SAT

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Semantics of program dependence

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sigplan Notices (acm Special Interest Group on programming languages) 1989年第7期24卷 13-27页

作者： Cartwright, Robert Felleisen, Matthias Rice Univ United States

Optimizing and parallelizing compilers for procedural languages rely on various forms of program dependence graphs (pdgs) to express the essential control and data dependences among atomic program operations. In this paper, we provide a semantic justification for this practice by deriving two different forms of program dependence graph - the output pdg and the def-order pdg - and their semantic definitions from non-strict generalizations of the denotational semantics of the programming language. In the process, we demonstrate that both the output pdg and the def-order pdg (with minor technical modifications) are conventional data-flow programs. In addition, we show that the semantics of the def-order pdg dominates the semantics of the output pdg and that both of these semantics dominate - rather than preserve - the semantics of sequential execution.

关键词： Computer programming languages

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