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Aspectual Caml: an aspect-oriented functional language

acm sigplan NOTICES 2005年第9期40卷 320-330页

作者： Masuhara, H Tatsuzawa, H Yonezawa, A Univ Tokyo Grad Sch Arts & Sci Tokyo Japan Univ Tokyo Dept Comp Sci Tokyo Japan Univ Tokyo Dept Comp Sci Tokyo Japan

We propose an aspect-oriented programming (AOP) language called Aspectual Caml based on a strongly-typed functional language Objective Caml with two AOP mechanisms similar to those in AspectJ language. This paper describes the design and implementation issues of those AOP mechanisms that give us insights into the interaction between AOP features and common features in strongly-typed functional languages such as type inference, polymorphic types and curried functions. We implemented a prototype compiler of the language and used the language for separating crosscutting concerns in application programs, including for separating descriptions of a type system from compiler descriptions.

关键词： aspect-oriented programming objective Caml pointcut and advice

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Essential language support for generic programming

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acm sigplan NOTICES 2005年第6期40卷 73-84页

作者： Siek, J Lumsdaine, A Indiana Univ Open Syst Lab Bloomington IN 47405 USA

Concepts are an essential language feature for generic programming in the large. Concepts allow for succinct expression of constraints on type parameters of generic algorithms, enable systematic organization of problem domain abstractions, and make generic algorithms easier to use. In this paper we present the design of a type system and semantics for concepts that is suitable for non-type-inferencing languages. Our design shares much in common with the type classes of Haskell, though our primary influence is from best practices in the C++ community, where concepts are used to document type requirements for templates in generic libraries. Concepts include a novel combination of associated types and same-type constraints that do not appear in type classes, but that are similar to nested types and type sharing in ML.

关键词： generic programming polymorphism C++ standard ML Haskell

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Finding application errors and security flaws using PQL: A program query language

Finding application errors and security flaws using PQL: A p...

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OOPSLA'05 - 20th Annual acm conference on Object-Oriented programming, Systems, languages, and Applications

作者： Martin, Michael Livshits, Benjamin Lam, Monica S. Computer Science Department Stanford University

A number of effective error detection tools have been built in recent years to check if a program conforms to certain design rules, An important class of design rules deals with sequences of events associated with a set of related objects. This paper presents a language called PQL (Program Query language) that allows programmers to express such questions easily in an application-specific context. A query looks like a code excerpt corresponding to the shortest amount of code that would violate a design rule. Details of the target application's precise implementation are abstracted away. The programmer may also specify actions to perform when a match is found, such as recording relevant information or even correcting an erroneous execution on the fly. We have developed both static and dynamic techniques to find solutions to PQL queries, Our static analyzer finds all potential matches conservatively using a context-sensitive, flow-insensitive, inclusion-based pointer alias analysis, Static results are also useful in reducing the number of instrumentation points for dynamic analysis. Our dynamic analyzer instruments the source program to catch all violations precisely as the program runs and to optionally perform user-specified actions. We have implemented the techniques described in this paper and found 206 errors in 6 large real-world open-source Java applications containing a total of nearly 60,000 classes. These errors are important security flaws, resource leaks, and violations of consistency invariants. The combination of static and dynamic analysis proves effective at addressing a wide range of debugging and program comprehension queries. We have found that dynamic analysis is especially suitable for preventing errors such as security vulnerabilities at runtime. Copyright 2005 acm.

关键词： Error detection

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Acute: High-level programming language design for distributed computation

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acm sigplan NOTICES 2005年第9期40卷 15-26页

作者： Sewell, P Leifer, JJ Wansbrough, K Nardelli, FZ Allen-Williams, M Habouzit, P Vafeiadis, V Univ Cambridge Cambridge CB2 1TN England

Existing languages provide good support for typeful programming of standalone programs. In a distributed system, however, there may be interaction between multiple instances of many distinct programs, sharing some (but not necessarily all) of their module structure, and with some instances rebuilt with new versions of certain modules as time goes on. In this paper we discuss programming language support for such systems, focussing on their typing and naming issues. We describe an experimental language, Acute, which extends an ML core to support distributed development, deployment, and execution, allowing type-safe interaction between separately-built programs. The main features are: (1) type-safe marshalling of arbitrary values;(2) type names that are generated (freshly and by hashing) to ensure that type equality tests suffice to protect the invariants of abstract types, across the entire distributed system;(3) expression-level names generated to ensure that name equality tests suffice for type-safety of associated values, e.g. values carried on named channels;(4) controlled dynamic rebinding of marshalled values to local resources;and (5) thunkification of threads and mutexes to support computation mobility. These features are a large part of what is needed for typeful distributed programming. They are a relatively lightweight extension of M L, should be efficiently implementable, and are expressive enough to enable a wide variety of distributed infrastructure layers to be written as simple library code above the byte-string network and persistent store APIs. This disentangles the language runtime from communication intricacies. This paper highlights the main design choices in Acute. It is supported by a full language definition (of typing, compilation, and operational semantics), by a prototype implementation, and by example distribution libraries.

关键词： languages design programming languages distributed programming marshalling serialisation abstract types modules rebinding version control type theory ML

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Pluggable AOP - designing aspect mechanisms for third-party composition

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acm sigplan NOTICES 2005年第10期40卷 247-263页

作者： Kojarski, S Lorenz, DH Univ Virginia Dept Comp Sci Charlottesville VA 22904 USA

Studies of Aspect-Oriented programming (AOP) usually focus on a language in which a specific aspect extension is integrated with a base language. languages specified in this manner have a fixed, non-extensible AOP functionality. This paper argues the need for AOP to support the integration and use of multiple domain-specific aspect extensions together. We study the more general case of integrating a base language with a set of third-party aspect extensions for that language. We present a general mixin-based semantic framework for implementing dynamic aspect extensions in such a way that multiple, independently developed aspect mechanisms can be subject to third-party composition and work collaboratively. Principles governing the design of a collaborative aspect mechanism are aspectual effect exposure and implementation hiding.

关键词： design languages theory AOP AOSD domain-specific aspect language aspect extension aspect mechanism aspectual effect granularity software components CBSE third-party composition collaboration reuse mixin semantics AspectJ AspectWerkz COOL

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PADS: A domain-specific language for processing ad hoc data

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acm sigplan NOTICES 2005年第6期40卷 295-304页

作者： Fisher, K Gruber, R AT&T Labs Res Florham Pk NJ 07932 USA Google Mountain View CA USA

PADS is a declarative data description language that allows data analysts to describe both the physical layout of ad hoc data sources and semantic properties of that data. From such descriptions, the PADS compiler generates libraries and tools for manipulating the data, including parsing routines, statistical profiling tools, translation programs to produce well-behaved formats such as XML or those required for loading relational databases, and tools for running XQueries over raw PADS data sources. The descriptions are concise enough to serve as "living" documentation while flexible enough to describe most of the ASCII, binary, and Cobol formats that we have seen in practice. The generated parsing library provides for robust, application-specific error handling.

关键词： data description language domain-specific languages

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programming Ad-hoc Networks of mobile and resource-constrained devices

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acm sigplan NOTICES 2005年第6期40卷 249-260页

作者： Ni, Y Kremer, U Stere, A Iftode, L Rutgers State Univ Dept Comp Sci Piscataway NJ 08854 USA

Ad-hoc networks of mobile devices such as smart phones and PDAs represent a new and exciting distributed system architecture. Building distributed applications on such an architecture poses new design challenges in programming models, languages, compilers, and runtime systems. This paper discusses SpatialViews, a high-level language designed for programming mobile devices connected through a wireless ad-hoc network. SpatialViews allows specification of virtual networks with nodes providing desired services and residing in interesting spaces. These nodes are discovered dynamically with user-specified time constraints and quality of result (QoR). The programming model supports "best-effort" semantics, i.e., different executions of the same program may result in "correct" answers of different quality. It is the responsibility of the compiler and runtime system to produce a high-quality answer for the particular network and resource conditions encountered during program execution. Four applications, which exercise different features of the SpatialViews language, are presented to demonstrate the expressiveness of the language and the efficiency of the compiler generated code. The applications are an application that collects and aggregates sensor data in network, an application that performs dynamic service installation, a mobile camera application that supports computation offloading for image understanding, and an augmented-reality (AR) Pacman game. The efficiency of the compiler generated code is verified through simulation and physical measurements. The reported results show that SpatialViews is an expressive and effective language for ad-hoc networks. In addition, compiler optimizations can significantly improve response times and energy consumption.

关键词： Ad-hoc Networks MANET location-awareness service discovery quality of result

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Classbox/J: Controlling the scope of change in Java

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acm sigplan NOTICES 2005年第10期40卷 177-189页

作者： Bergel, A Ducasse, S Nierstrasz, O Univ Bern Software Composit Grp Bern Switzerland Univ Savoie Language & Software Evolut Grp LISTIC Chambery France

Unanticipated changes to complex software systems can introduce anomalies such as duplicated code, suboptimal inheritance relationships and a proliferation of run-tirne downcasts. Refactoring to eliminate these anomalies may not be an option, at least in certain stages of software evolution. Classboxes are modules that restrict the visibility of changes to selected clients only, thereby offering more freedom in the way unanticipated changes may be implemented, and thus reducing the need for convoluted design anomalies. In this paper we demonstrate how classboxes can be implemented in statically-typed languages like Java. We also present an extended case study of Swing, a Java GUI package built on top of AWT, and we document the ensuing anomalies that Swing introduces. We show how Classbox/J, a prototype implementation of classboxes for Java, is used to provide a cleaner implementation of Swing using local refinement rather than subclassing.

关键词： language design module package open-classes class extension

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programming by sketching for bit-streaming programs

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acm sigplan NOTICES 2005年第6期40卷 281-294页

作者： Solar-Lezama, A Rabbah, R Bodík, R Ebcioglu, K Univ Calif Berkeley Div Comp Sci Berkeley CA 94720 USA MIT Comp Sci & Artificial Intelligence Lab Cambridge MA 02139 USA IBM Corp TJ Watson Res Ctr Armonk NY 10504 USA

This paper introduces the concept of programming with sketches, an approach for the rapid development of high-performance applications. This approach allows a programmer to write clean and portable reference code, and then obtain a high-quality implementation by simply sketching the outlines of the desired implementation. Subsequently, a compiler automatically fills in the missing details while also ensuring that a completed sketch is faithful to the input reference code. In this paper, we develop StreamBit as a sketching methodology for the important class of bit-streaming programs (e.g., coding and cryptography). A sketch is a partial specification of the implementation, and as such, it affords several benefits to programmer in terms of productivity and code robustness. First, a sketch is easier to write compared to a complete implementation. Second, sketching allows the programmer to focus on exploiting algorithmic properties rather than on orchestrating low-level details. Third, a sketch-aware compiler rejects "buggy" sketches, thus improving reliability while allowing the programmer to quickly evaluate sophisticated implementation ideas. We evaluated the productivity and performance benefits of our programming methodology in a user-study, where a group of novice StreamBit programmers competed with a group of experienced C programmers on implementing a cipher. We learned that, given the same time budget, the ciphers developed in StreamBit ran 2.5 x faster than ciphers coded in C. We also produced implementations of DES and Serpent that were competitive with hand optimized implementations available in the public domain.

关键词： stream programming StreamIt synchronous dataflow sketching domain specific language domain specific compiler

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AtomCaml: First-class atomicity via rollback

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acm sigplan NOTICES 2005年第9期40卷 92-104页

作者： Ringenburg, MF Grossman, D Univ Washington Dept Comp Sci & Engn Seattle WA 98195 USA

We have designed, implemented, and evaluated AtomCaml, an extension to Objective Caml that provides a synchronization primitive for atomic (transactional) execution of code. A first-class primitive function of type (unit -> 'a) -> 'a evaluates its argument (which may call other functions, even external C functions) as though no other thread has interleaved execution. Our design ensures fair scheduling and obstruction-freedom. Our implementation extends the Objective Cam] bytecode compiler and run-time system to support atomicity. A logging-and-rollback approach lets us undo uncompleted atomic blocks upon thread pre-emption, and retry them when the thread is rescheduled. The mostly functional nature of the Caml language and the Objective Caml implementation's commitment to a uniprocessor execution model (i.e., threads are interleaved, not executed simultaneously) allow particularly efficient logging. We have evaluated the efficiency and ease-of-use of AtomCaml by writing libraries and microbenchmarks, writing a small application, and replacing all locking with atomicity in an existing, large multithreaded application. Our experience indicates the performance overhead is negligible, atomic helps avoid synchronization mistakes, and idioms such as condition variables adapt reasonably to the atomic approach.

关键词： languages atomicity transactions concurrent programming Objective Caml

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