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A practical type system and language for reference immutability

A practical type system and language for reference immutabil...

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19th conference on Object-Oriented programming, Systems, languages, and Applications

作者： Birka, A Ernst, MD MIT Comp Sci & Artificial Intelligence Lab Cambridge MA 02139 USA

This paper describes a type system that is capable of expressing and enforcing immutability constraints. The specific constraint expressed is that the abstract state of the object to which an immutable reference refers cannot be modified using that reference. The abstract state is (part of) the transitively reachable state: that is, the state of the object and all state reachable from it by following references. The type system permits explicitly excluding fields or objects from the abstract state of an object. For a statically type-safe language, the type system guarantees reference immutability. If the language is extended with immutability downcasts, then run-time checks enforce the reference immutability constraints. In order to better understand the usability and efficacy of the type system, we have implemented an extension to Java, called Javari, that includes all the features of our type system. Javari is interoperable with Java and existing JVMs. It can be viewed as a proposal for the semantics of the Java const keyword, though Javari's syntax uses readonly instead. This paper describes the design and implementation of Javari, including the type-checking rules for the language. This paper also discusses experience with 160,000 lines of Javari code. Javari was easy to use and provided a number of benefits, including detecting errors in well-tested code.

关键词： type system verification immutability readonly mutable Javari Java const

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Prefetch injection based on hardware monitoring and object metadata

Prefetch injection based on hardware monitoring and object m...

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conference on programming language design and implementation

作者： Adl-Tabatabai, AR Hudson, RL Serrano, MJ Subramoney, S Intel Corp Microprocessor Technol Lab Programming Syst Lab Santa Clara CA USA

Cache miss stalls hurt performance because of the large gap between memory and processor speeds - for example, the popular server benchmark SPEC JBB2000 spends 45% of its cycles stalled waiting for memory requests on the Itanium(R) 2 processor. Traversing linked data structures causes a large portion of these stalls. Prefetching for linked data structures remains a major challenge because serial data dependencies between elements in a linked data structure preclude the timely materialization of prefetch addresses. This paper presents Mississippi Delta (MS Delta), a novel technique for prefetching linked data structures that closely integrates the hardware performance monitor (HPM), the garbage collector's global view of heap and object layout, the type-level metadata inherent in type-safe programs, and JIT compiler analysis. The garbage collector uses the HPM's data cache miss information to identify cache miss intensive traversal paths through linked data structures, and then discovers regular distances (deltas) between these linked objects. JIT compiler analysis injects prefetch instructions using deltas to materialize prefetch addresses. We have implemented MS Delta in a fully dynamic profile-guided optimization system: the StarJIT dynamic compiler [1] and the ORP Java virtual machine [9]. We demonstrate a 28-29% reduction in stall cycles attributable to the high-latency cache misses targeted by MS Delta and a speedup of 11-14% on the cache miss intensive SPEC JBB2000 benchmark.

关键词： prefetching compiler optimization garbage collection cache misses profile-guided optimization virtual machines

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Mirrors: design principles for meta-level facilities of object-oriented programming languages 04

Mirrors: design principles for meta-level facilities of obje...

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Proceedings of the 19th annual acm sigplan conference on Object-oriented programming, systems, languages, and applications

作者： Gilad Bracha David Ungar Sun Microsystems Santa Clara CA Sun Microsystems Mountain View CA

We identify three design principles for reflection and metaprogramming facilities in object oriented programming languages. Encapsulation: meta-level facilities must encapsulate their implementation. Stratification: m... 详细信息

ISBN: (纸本)9781581138313

We identify three design principles for reflection and metaprogramming facilities in object oriented programming languages. Encapsulation: meta-level facilities must encapsulate their implementation. Stratification: meta-level facilities must be separated from base-level functionality. Ontological correspondence: the ontology of meta-level facilities should correspond to the ontology of the language they manipulate. Traditional/mainstream reflective architectures do not follow these precepts. In contrast, reflective APIs built around the concept of mirrors are characterized by adherence to these three principles. Consequently, mirror-based architectures have significant advantages with respect to distribution, deployment and general purpose metaprogramming.

关键词： smalltalk mirrors java metaprogramming reflection self

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Proceedings of the acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation (pldi): Foreword

Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Programming Lan...

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Proceedings of the acm sigplan 2002 conference on programming language design and implementation (pldi'02)

作者： Hendren, Laurie

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The design, implementation, and evaluation of a compiler algorithm for CPU energy reduction

The design, implementation, and evaluation of a compiler alg...

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conference on programming language design and implementation

作者： Hsu, CH Kremer, U Rutgers State Univ Dept Comp Sci Piscataway NJ 08855 USA

This paper presents the design and implementation of a compiler algorithm that effectively optimizes programs for energy usage using dynamic voltage scaling (DVS). The algorithm identifies program regions where the CPU can be slowed down with negligible performance loss. It is implemented as a source-to-source level transformation using the SUIF2 compiler infrastructure. Physical measurements on a high-performance laptop show that total system (i.e., laptop) energy savings of up to 28% can be achieved with performance degradation of less than 5% for the SPECfp95 benchmarks. On average, the system energy and energy-delay product are reduced by 11% and 9%, respectively, with a performance slowdown of 2%. It was also discovered that the energy usage of the programs using our DVS algorithm is within 6% from the theoretical lower bound. To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the first work that evaluates DVS algorithms by physical measurements.

关键词： dynamic voltage scaling energy savings

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Taming the IXP network processor

Taming the IXP network processor

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conference on programming language design and implementation

作者： George, L Blume, M Toyota Technol Inst Chicago Chicago IL USA

We compile Nova, a new language designed for writing network processing applications, using a back end based on integer-linear programming (ILP) for register allocation, optimal bank assignment, and spills. The compiler's optimizer employs CPS as its intermediate representation;some of the invariants that this IR guarantees are essential for the formulation of a practical ILP model. Appel and George used a similar ILP-based technique for the IA32 to decide which variables reside in registers but deferred the actual assignment of colors to a later phase. We demonstrate how to carry over their idea to an architecture with many more banks, register aggregates, variables with multiple simultaneous register assignments, and, very importantly, one where bank- and register-assignment cannot be done in isolation from each other. Our approach performs well in practise-without causing an explosion in size or solve time of the generated integer linear programs.

关键词： network processors Intel IXA integer linear programming register allocation bank assignment programming languages code generation

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The nesC language:: A holistic approach to networked embedded systems 03

引用

conference on programming language design and implementation

作者： Gay, D Levis, P von Behren, R Welsh, M Brewer, E Culler, D Univ Calif Berkeley EECS Dept Berkeley CA 94720 USA Intel Res Berkeley Berkeley CA 94704 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781581136623

We present nesC, a programming language for networked embedded systems that represent a new design space for application developers. An example of a networked embedded system is a sensor network, which consists of (potentially) thousands of tiny, low-power "motes," each of which execute concurrent, reactive programs that must operate with severe memory and power constraints. nesC's contribution is to support the special needs of this domain by exposing a programming model that incorporates event-driven execution, a flexible concurrency model, and component-oriented application design. Restrictions on the programming model allow the nesC compiler to perform whole-program analyses, including data-race detection (which improves reliability) and aggressive function inlining (which reduces resource consumption). nesC has been used to implement TinyOS, a small operating system for sensor networks, as well as several significant sensor applications. nesC and TinyOS have been adopted by a large number of sensor network research groups, and our experience and evaluation of the language shows that it is effective at supporting the complex, concurrent programming style demanded by this new class of deeply networked systems.

关键词： programming languages C concurrency data races components modules first-order nesC TinyOS

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Static array storage optimization in MATLAB 03

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conference on programming language design and implementation

作者： Joisha, PG Banerjee, P Northwestern Univ ECE Dept Evanston IL 60208 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781581136623

An adaptation of the classic register allocation algorithm to the problem of array storage optimization in MATLAB is presented. The method involves the decomposition of an interference graph's color classes using inferred type information. A key trait is the use of symbolic types, along with control flow, in performing the decomposition. On a benchmark suite spanning the published test suites of some recent research MATLAB compilers, our implementation produces savings in the average virtual memory size, with respect to code generated by a commercial MATLAB compiler, of between 51% and 139% in 6 out of 11 programs, and savings between 0.7% and 47% in the remaining. In absolute terms, this ranged from 123KB to over 9MB. Substantial improvements in other categories of memory, such as resident sets and dynamic data (stack plus heap), were also observed and are reported. Speedups in execution times of at least over an order of magnitude in 4 programs, of over 100% in 4 of the remaining, and 10% and over in-the rest are also reported.

关键词： algorithms design languages performance

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Linear analysis and optimization of stream programs 03

引用

conference on programming language design and implementation

作者： Lamb, AA Thies, W Amarasinghe, S MIT Comp Sci Lab Cambridge MA 02139 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781581136623

As more complex DSP algorithms are realized in practice, there is an increasing need for high-level stream abstractions that can be compiled without sacrificing efficiency. Toward this end, we present a set of aggressive optimizations that target linear sections of a stream program. Our input language is StreamIt, which represents programs as a hierarchical graph of autonomous filters. A filter is linear if each of its outputs can be represented as an affine combination of its inputs. Linearity is common in DSP components;examples include FIR filters, expanders, compressors, FFTs and DCTs. We demonstrate that several algorithmic transformations, traditionally hand-tuned by DSP experts, can be completely automated by the compiler. First, we present a linear extraction analysis that automatically detects linear filters from the C-like code in their work function. Then, we give a procedure for combining adjacent linear filters into a single filter, as well as for translating a linear filter to operate in the frequency domain. We also present an optimization selection algorithm, which finds the sequence of combination and frequency transformations that will give the maximal benefit. We have completed a fully-automatic implementation of the above techniques as part of the StreamIt compiler, and we demonstrate a 450% performance improvement over our benchmark suite.

关键词： stream programming streamIt optimization embedded linear systems algebraic simplification DSP FFT

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A provably sound TAL for back-end optimization 03

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conference on programming language design and implementation

作者： Chen, J Wu, DH Appel, AW Fang, H Princeton Univ Princeton NJ 08544 USA Yale Univ New Haven CT 06520 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781581136623

Typed assembly languages provide a way to generate machine-checkable safety proofs for machine-language programs. But the soundness proofs of most existing typed assembly languages are hand-written and cannot be machine-checked, which is worrisome for such large calculi. We have designed and implemented a low-level typed assembly language (LTAL) with a semantic model and established its soundness from the model. Compared to existing typed assembly languages, LTAL is more scalable and more secure;it has no macro instructions that hinder low-level optimizations such as instruction scheduling;its type constructors are expressive enough to capture dataflow information, support the compiler's choice of data representations and permit typed position-independent code;and its type-checking algorithm is completely syntax-directed. We have built a prototype system, based on Standard ML of New Jersey, that compiles most of core ML to Sparc code. We explain how we were able to make the untyped back end in SML/NJ preserve types during instruction selection and register allocation, without restricting low-level optimizations and without knowledge of any type system pervading the instruction selector and register allocator.

关键词： languages verification typed assembly language proof-carrying code

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