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Compiler support for garbage collection in a statically typed language 92

Compiler support for garbage collection in a statically type...

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Proceedings of the acm sigplan 1992 conference on programming language design and implementation

作者： Amer Diwan Eliot Moss Richard Hudson

ISBN: (纸本)9780897914758

We consider the problem of supporting compacting garbage collection in the presence of modern compiler optimizations. Since our collector may move any heap object, it must accurately locate, follow, and update all pointers and values derived from pointers. To assist the collector, we extend the compiler to emit tables describing live pointers, and values derived from pointers, at each program location where collection may occur. Significant results include identification of a number of problems posed by optimizations, solutions to those problems, a working compiler, and experimental data concerning table sizes, table compression, and time overhead of decoding tables during collection. While gc support can affect the code produced, our sample programs show no significant changes, the table sizes are a modest fraction of the size of the optimized code, and stack tracing is a small fraction of total gc time. Since the compiler enhancements are also modest, we conclude that the approach is practical.

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Adding trace matching with free variables to AspectJ 05

Adding trace matching with free variables to AspectJ

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Proceedings of the 20th annual acm sigplan conference on Object-oriented programming, systems, languages, and applications

作者： Chris Allan Pavel Avgustinov Aske Simon Christensen Laurie Hendren Sascha Kuzins Ondřej Lhoták Oege de Moor Damien Sereni Ganesh Sittampalam Julian Tibble University of Oxford United Kingdom University of Aarhus Denmark McGill University Montreal Canada

ISBN: (纸本)9781595930316

An aspect observes the execution of a base program; when certain actions occur, the aspect runs some extra code of its own. In the AspectJ language, the observations that an aspect can make are confined to the current action: it is not possible to directly observe the history of a ***, there have been several interesting proposals for new history-based language features, most notably by Douence et al. and by Walker and Viggers. In this paper, we present a new history-based language feature called tracematches that enables the programmer to trigger the execution of extra code by specifying a regular pattern of events in a computation trace. We have fully designed and implemented tracematches as a seamless extension of AspectJ.A key innovation in our tracematch approach is the introduction of free variables in the matching patterns. This enhancement enables a whole new class of applications in which events can be matched not only by the event kind, but also by the values associated with the free variables. We provide several examples of applications enabled by this *** introducing and motivating the idea of tracematches via examples, we present a detailed semantics of our language design, and we derive an implementation from that semantics. The implementation has been realised as an extension of the abc compiler for AspectJ.

关键词： program monitoring aspect-oriented programming

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Look up!: your future is in the cloud 13

Look up!: your future is in the cloud

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Proceedings of the 34th acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation

作者： James R. Larus Microsoft Research Redmond WA USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450320146

The "Cloud" is a wonderfully expansive phrase used to denote computation and data storage centralized in a large datacenter and elastically accessed across a network. The concept is not new; web sites and business servers have run in datacenters for a long time. These, however, were specialized applications, outside of the mainstream of desktop programs. The past few years has seen enormous change as the mainstream shifts from a single computer to mobile devices and clusters of computers. Three factors are driving this change. 1) Mobile computing, where apps run on a size- and power-constrained device and would be far less interesting without backend systems to augment computation and storage capacity. 2) Big data, which uses clusters of computers to extract valuable information from vast amounts of unstructured data. 3) Inexpensive, elastic computing, pioneered by Amazon Web Services, which enables everyone to rapidly obtain and use many *** a researcher from the language and compiler community, I firmly believe this sea change is at heart a programming problem. Cloud computing is far different from the environment in which most of today's languages and tools were developed, and few programmers have mastered its complexity. New challenges include pervasive parallelism, partial failure, high and variable communication latency, and replication for reliability and throughput.

关键词： cloud computing distributed computing programming languages

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Practical data breakpoints: design and implementation 93

Practical data breakpoints: design and implementation

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Proceedings of the acm sigplan 1993 conference on programming language design and implementation

作者： Robert Wahbe Steven Lucco Susan L. Graham

ISBN: (纸本)9780897915984

A data breakpoint associates debugging actions with programmer-specified conditions on the memory state of an executing program. Data breakpoints provide a means for discovering program bugs that are tedious or impossible to isolate using control breakpoints alone. In practice, programmers rarely use data breakpoints, because they are either unimplemented or prohibitively slow in available debugging software. In this paper, we present the design and implementation of a practical data breakpoint facility.A data breakpoint facility must monitor all memory updates performed by the program being debugged. We implemented and evaluated two complementary techniques for reducing the overhead of monitoring memory updates. First, we checked write instructions by inserting checking code directly into the program being debugged. The checks use a segmented bitmap data structure that minimizes address lookup complexity. Second, we developed data flow algorithms that eliminate checks on some classes of write instructions but may increase the complexity of the remaining *** evaluated these techniques on the SPARC using the SPEC benchmarks. Checking each write instruction using a segmented bitmap achieved an average overhead of 42%. This overhead is independent of the number of breakpoints in use. Data flow analysis eliminated an average of 79% of the dynamic write checks. For scientific programs such the NAS kernels, analysis reduced write checks by a factor of ten or more. On the SPARC these optimizations reduced the average overhead to 25%.

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Scalable cross-module optimization 98

Scalable cross-module optimization

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Proceedings of the acm sigplan 1998 conference on programming language design and implementation

作者： Andrew Ayers Stuart de Jong John Peyton Richard Schooler Hewlett-Packard Massachusetts Language Laboratory 300 Apollo Drive Chelmsford MA

ISBN: (纸本)9780897919876

Large applications are typically partitioned into separately compiled modules. Large performance gains in these applications are available by optimizing across module boundaries. One barrier to applying crossmodule optimization (CMO) to large applications is the potentially enormous amount of time and space consumed by the optimization *** describe a framework for scalable CMO that provides large gains in performance on applications that contain millions of lines of code. Two major techniques are described. First, careful management of in-memory data structures results in sub-linear memory occupancy when compared to the number of lines of code being optimized. Second, profile data is used to focus optimization effort on the performance-critical portions of applications. We also present practical issues that arise in deploying this framework in a production environment. These issues include debuggability and compatibility with existing development tools, such as make. Our framework is deployed in Hewlett-Packard's (HP) UNIX compiler products and speeds up shipped independent software vendors' applications by as much as 71%.

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Object views: language support for intelligent object caching in parallel and distributed computations 99

Object views: language support for intelligent object cachin...

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Proceedings of the 14th acm sigplan conference on Object-oriented programming, systems, languages, and applications

作者： Ilya Lipkind Igor Pechtchanski Vijay Karamcheti Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences New York University 715 Broadway 7th Floor New York NY

ISBN: (纸本)9781581132380

Object-based parallel and distributed applications are becoming increasingly popular, driven by the programmability advantages of component technology and a flat shared-object space. However, the flat shared-object space introduces a performance challenge: applications that rely on the transparent coherent caching of objects achieve high performance only on tightly coupled parallel machines. In distributed environments, the overheads of object caching force application designers to choose other solutions. Consequently, most applications sacrifice programmability, relying instead on either the explicit coherence management of cached objects, or on vastly different middleware abstractions such as multicast and *** this paper, we describe object views — language support for efficient object caching in parallel and distributed computations. Object views specify restrictions on how computation threads can use an object, providing the underlying implementation with information about the potential side effects of object access, and thereby enabling construction of scalable, low-overhead caching protocols customized to application requirements. We present extensions to the Java programming language for expressing object views, and describe the design and implementation of a translator and run-time system for executing view-augmented Java programs on a distributed cluster of workstations. Experimental results based on a shared whiteboard application demonstrate that view-based object caching can achieve performance superior to multicast- and event-based implementations, while retaining essentially a shared object interface.

关键词： object representation distributed objects object caching views collaborative applications shared objects Java

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language support for lightweight transactions 03

Language support for lightweight transactions

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Proceedings of the 18th annual acm sigplan conference on Object-oriented programing, systems, languages, and applications

作者： Tim Harris Keir Fraser University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory Cambridge UK

ISBN: (纸本)9781581137125

Concurrent programming is notoriously difficult. Current abstractions are intricate and make it hard to design computer systems that are reliable and scalable. We argue that these problems can be addressed by moving to a declarative style of concurrency control in which programmers directly indicate the safety properties that they require. In our scheme the programmer demarks sections of code which execute within lightweight software-based transactions that commit atomically and exactly once. These transactions can update shared data, instantiate objects, invoke library features and so on. They can also block, waiting for arbitrary boolean conditions to become true. Transactions which do not access the same shared memory locations can commit concurrently. Furthermore, in general, no performance penalty is incurred for memory accesses outside *** present a detailed design of this proposal along with an implementation and evaluation. We argue that the resulting system (i) is easier for mainstream programmers to use, (ii) prevents lock-based priority-inversion and deadlock problems and (iii) can offer performance advantages.

关键词： transactions conditional critical regions concurrency non-blocking systems

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A compiler approach to fast hardware design space exploration in FPGA-based systems 02

A compiler approach to fast hardware design space exploratio...

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Proceedings of the acm sigplan 2002 conference on programming language design and implementation

作者： Byoungro So Mary W. Hall Pedro C. Diniz University of Southern California Marina del Rey California

ISBN: (纸本)9781581134636

The current practice of mapping computations to custom hardware implementations requires programmers to assume the role of hardware designers. In tuning the performance of their hardware implementation, designers manually apply loop transformations such as loop unrolling. designers manually apply loop transformations. For example, loop unrolling is used to expose instruction-level parallelism at the expense of more hardware resources for concurrent operator evaluation. Because unrolling also increases the amount of data a computation requires, too much unrolling can lead to a memory bound implementation where resources are idle. To negotiate inherent hardware space-time trade-offs, designers must engage in an iterative refinement cycle, at each step manually applying transformations and evaluating their impact. This process is not only error-prone and tedious but also prohibitively expensive given the large search spaces and with long synthesis times. This paper describes an automated approach to hardware design space exploration, through a collaboration between parallelizing compiler technology and high-level synthesis tools. We present a compiler algorithm that automatically explores the large design spaces resulting from the application of several program transformations commonly used in application-specific hardware designs. Our approach uses synthesis estimation techniques to quantitatively evaluate alternate designs for a loop nest computation. We have implemented this design space exploration algorithm in the context of a compilation and synthesis system called DEFACTO, and present results of this implementation on five multimedia kernels. Our algorithm derives an implementation that closely matches the performance of the fastest design in the design space, and among implementations with comparable performance, selects the smallest design. We search on average only 0.3% of the design space. This technology thus significantly raises the level of abstraction fo

关键词： design space exploration data dependence analysis reuse analysis loop transformations

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Incremental analysis of real programming languages 97

Incremental analysis of real programming languages

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Proceedings of the acm sigplan 1997 conference on programming language design and implementation

作者： Tim A. Wagner Susan L. Graham University of California Berkeley

ISBN: (纸本)9780897919074

A major research goal for compilers and environments is the automatic derivation of tools from formal specifications. However, the formal model of the language is often inadequate; in particular, LR(k) grammars are unable to describe the natural syntax of many languages, such as C++ and Fortran, which are inherently non-deterministic. designers of batch compilers work around such limitations by combining generated components with ad hoc techniques (for instance, performing partial type and scope analysis in tandem with parsing). Unfortunately, the complexity of incremental systems precludes the use of batch solutions. The inability to generate incremental tools for important languages inhibits the widespread use of language-rich interactive *** address this problem by extending the language model itself, introducing a program representation based on parse dags that is suitable for both batch and incremental analysis. Ambiguities unresolved by one stage are retained in this representation until further stages can complete the analysis, even if the reaolution depends on further actions by the user. Representing ambiguity explicitly increases the number and variety of languages that can be analyzed incrementally using existing *** create this representation, we have developed an efficient incremental parser for general context-free grammars. Our algorithm combines Tomita's generalized LR parser with reuse of entire subtrees via state-matching. Disambiguation can occur statically, during or after parsing, or during semantic analysis (using existing incremental techniques); program errors that preclude disambiguation retsin multiple interpretations indefinitely. Our representation and analyses gain efficiency by exploiting the local nature of ambiguities: for the SPEC95 C programs, the explicit representation of ambiguity requires only 0.5% additional space and less than 1% additional time during reconstruction.

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Incrementalization across object abstraction 05

Incrementalization across object abstraction

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Proceedings of the 20th annual acm sigplan conference on Object-oriented programming, systems, languages, and applications

作者： Yanhong A. Liu Scott D. Stoller Michael Gorbovitski Tom Rothamel Yanni Ellen Liu State University of New York at Stony Brook Stony Brook NY University of Manitoba Winnipeg MB Canada

ISBN: (纸本)9781595930316

Object abstraction supports the separation of what operations are provided by systems and components from how the operations are implemented, and is essential in enabling the construction of complex systems from components. Unfortunately, clear and modular implementations have poor performance when expensive query operations are repeated, while efficient implementations that incrementally maintain these query results are much more difficult to develop and to understand, because the code blows up significantly, and is no longer clear or *** paper describes a powerful and systematic method that first allows the "what" of each component to be specified in a clear and modular fashion and implemented straightforwardly in an object-oriented language; then analyzes the queries and updates, across object abstraction, in the straightforward implementation; and finally derives the sophisticated and efficient "how" of each component by incrementally maintaining the results of repeated expensive queries with respect to updates to their parameters. Our implementation and experimental results for example applications in query optimization, role-based access control, etc. demonstrate the effectiveness and benefit of the method.

关键词： program analysis design invariants program optimization incrementalization object-oriented abstraction program transformation

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