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Proceedings of the acm sigplan 2003 conference on programming language design and implementation

作者： Lal George Matthias Blume Network Speed Technologies Inc Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago

ISBN: (纸本)9781581136623

We compile Nova, a new language designed for writing network processing applications, using a back end based on integer-linear programming (ILP) for register allocation, optimal bank assignment, and spills. The compiler's optimizer employs CPS as its intermediate representation; some of the invariants that this IR guarantees are essential for the formulation of a practical ILP *** and George used a similar ILP-based technique for the IA32 to decide which variables reside in registers but deferred the actual assignment of colors to a later phase. We demonstrate how to carry over their idea to an architecture with many more banks, register aggregates, variables with multiple simultaneous register assignments, and, very importantly, one where bank- and register-assignment cannot be done in isolation from each other. Our approach performs well in practise---without causing an explosion in size or solve time of the generated integer linear programs.

关键词： bank assignment network processors integer linear programming programming languages code generation Intel IXA register allocation

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The design and implementation of Microdrivers

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acm sigplan NOTICES 2008年第3期43卷 168-178页

作者： Ganapathy, Vinod Renzelmann, Matthew J. Balakrishnan, Arini Swift, Michael M. Jha, Somesh Univ Wisconsin Madison WI 53706 USA Rutgers State Univ Piscataway NJ 08855 USA

Device drivers commonly execute in the kernel to achieve high performance and easy access to kernel services. However, this comes at the price of decreased reliability and increased programming difficulty. Driver programmers are unable to use user-mode development tools and must instead use cumbersome kernel tools. Faults in kernel drivers can cause the entire operating system to crash. User-mode drivers have long been seen as a solution to this problem, but suffer from either poor performance or new interfaces that require a rewrite of existing drivers. This paper introduces the Microdrivers architecture that achieves high performance and compatibility by leaving critical path code in the kernel and moving the rest of the driver code to a user-mode process. This allows data-handling operations critical to I/O performance to run at full speed, while management operations such as initialization and configuration run at reduced speed in user-level. To achieve compatibility, we present DriverSlicer, a tool that splits existing kernel drivers into a kernel-level component and a user-level component using a small number of programmer annotations. Experiments show that as much as 65% of driver code can be removed from the kernel without affecting common-case performance, and that only 1-6 percent of the code requires annotations.

关键词： management reliability device drivers reliability program partitioning

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Overshadow: A virtualization-based approach to retrofitting protection in commodity operating systems

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acm sigplan NOTICES 2008年第3期43卷 2-13页

作者： Chen, Xiaoxin Garfinkel, Tal Lewis, E. Christopher Subrahmanyam, Pratap Waldspurger, Carl A. Boneh, Dan Dwoskin, Jeffrey Ports, Dan R. K. Stanford Univ Stanford CA 94305 USA Princeton Univ Princeton NJ 08544 USA MIT Cambridge MA 02139 USA

Commodity operating systems entrusted with securing sensitive data are remarkably large and complex, and consequently, frequently prone to compromise. To address this limitation, we introduce a virtual-machine-based system called Overshadow that protects the privacy and integrity of application data, even in the event of a total OS compromise. Overshadow presents an application with a normal view of its resources, but the OS with an encrypted view. This allows the operating system to carry out the complex task of managing an application's resources, without allowing it to read or modify them. Thus, Overshadow offers a last line of defense for application data. Overshadow builds on multi-shadowing, a novel mechanism that presents different views of "physical" memory, depending on the context performing the access. This primitive offers an additional dimension of protection beyond the hierarchical protection domains implemented by traditional operating systems and processor architectures. We present the design and implementation of Overshadow and show how its new protection semantics can be integrated with existing systems. Our design has been fully implemented and used to protect a wide range of unmodified legacy applications running on an unmodified Linux operating system. We evaluate the performance of our implementation, demonstrating that this approach is practical.

关键词： design security performance virtual machine monitors VMM hypervisors operating systems memory protection multi-shadowing cloaking

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design and implementation of the Cortex visualization system

Design and implementation of the Cortex visualization system

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Proceedings of the 1994 IEEE Visualization conference

作者： Banerjee, Deb Morley, Chris Smith, Wayne Fluent Inc Lebanon United States

Cortex has been designed for interactive analysis and display of simulation data generated by CFD applications based on unstructured-grid solvers. Unlike post-processing visualization environments, Cortex is designed to work in co-processing mode with the CFD application. This significantly reduces data storage and data movement requirements for visualization and also allows users to interactively steer the application. Further, Cortex supports high-performance by running on massively parallel computers and workstation clusters. An important goal for Cortex is to provide visualization to a variety of solvers which differ in their solution methodologies and supported flow models. Coupled with the co-processing requirement, this has required the development of a well defined programming interface to the CFD solver that lets the visualization system communicate efficiently with the solver, and requires minimal programming effort for porting to new solvers. Further, the requirement for targeting multiple solvers and application niches demands that the visualization system be rapidly and easily modifiable. Such flexibility is attained in Cortex by using the high-level, interpreted language Scheme for implementing user-interfaces and high-level visualization functions. By making the Scheme interpreter available from the Cortex text interface, the user can also customize and extend the visualization system.

关键词： Computer systems

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Xoc, an extension-oriented compiler for systems programming

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acm sigplan NOTICES 2008年第3期43卷 244-254页

作者： Cox, Russ Bergan, Tom Clements, Austin T. Kaashoek, Frans Kohler, Eddie MIT CSAIL United States UCLA CS

Today's system programmers go to great lengths to extend the languages in which they program. For instance, system-specific compilers find errors in Linux and other systems, and add support for specialized control flow to Qt and event-based programs. These compilers are difficult to build and cannot always understand each other's language changes. However, they can greatly improve code understandability and correctness, advantages that should be accessible to all programmers. We describe an extension-oriented compiler for C called xoc. An extension-oriented compiler, unlike a conventional extensible compiler, implements new features via many small extensions that are loaded together as needed. Xoc gives extension writers full control over program syntax and semantics while hiding many compiler internals. Xoc programmers concisely define powerful compiler extensions that, by construction, can be combined;even some parts of the base compiler, such as GNU C compatibility, are structured as extensions. Xoc is based on two key interfaces. Syntax patterns allow extension writers to manipulate language fragments using concrete syntax. Lazy computation of attributes allows extension writers to use the results of analyses by other extensions or the core without needing to worry about pass scheduling. Extensions built using xoc include xsparse, a 345-line extension that mimics Sparse, Linux's C front end, and xlambda, a 170-line extension that adds function expressions to C. An evaluation of xoc using these and 13 other extensions shows that xoc extensions are typically more concise than equivalent extensions written for conventional extensible compilers and that it is possible to compose extensions.

关键词： languages design experimentation extension-oriented compilers

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CAPSULE: language and system support for efficient state sharing in distributed stream processing systems 12

CAPSULE: Language and system support for efficient state sha...

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6th acm International conference on Distributed Event-Based Systems, DEBS'12

作者： Losa, Giuliano Kumar, Vibhore Andrade, Henrique Gedik, Buǧra Hirzel, Martin Soulé, Robert Wu, Kun-Lung Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland Thomas J. Watson Research Center IBM Research 19 Skyline Drive Hawthorne NY 10532 United States Department of Computer Engineering Bilkent University Bilkent Ankara 06800 Turkey

ISBN: (纸本)9781450313155

Data stream processing applications are often expressed as data flow graphs, composed of operators connected via streams. This structured representation provides a simple yet powerful paradigm for building large-scale, distributed, high-performance applications. However, there are many tasks that require sharing data across operators, and across operators and the runtime using a less structured mechanism than point-to-point data flows. Examples include updating control variables, sending notifications, collecting metrics, building collective models, etc. In this paper we describe CAPSULE, which fills this gap. CAPSULE is a code generation and runtime framework that offers an easy to use and highly flexible framework for developers to realize shared variables (CAPSULE term for shared state) by specifying a data structure (at the programming-language level), and a few associated configuration parameters that qualify the expected usage scenario. Besides the easy of use and flexibility, CAPSULE offers the following important benefits: (1) Custom Code Generation - CAPSULE makes use of user-specified configuration parameters and information from the runtime to generate shared variable servers that are tailored for the specific usage scenario, (2) Composability - CAPSULE supports deployment time composition of the shared variable servers to achieve desired levels of scalability, performance and fault-tolerance, and (3) Extensibility - CAPSULE provides simple interfaces for extending the CAPSULE framework with more protocols, transports, caching mechanisms, etc. We describe the motivation for CAPSULE and its design, report on its implementation status, and then present experimental results. Copyright © 2012 acm.

关键词： Fault tolerance

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Restaging Domain-Specific languages: A Flexible design Pattern for Rapid Development of Optimizing Compilers 2024

Restaging Domain-Specific Languages: A Flexible Design Patte...

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Proceedings of the 23rd acm sigplan International conference on Generative programming: Concepts and Experiences

作者： Amir Shaikhha University of Edinburgh Edinburgh United Kingdom

ISBN: (纸本)9798400712111

This paper addresses the complexity of developing optimizing compilers by proposing a novel design pattern named Restage. The Restage interface reduces boilerplate code in transformation passes by simplifying the extraction and reconstruction of language constructs, thereby enabling more efficient and maintainable compiler development. This approach automatically generates the necessary interface instances using metaprogramming, minimizing manual effort. Additionally, the proposed solution integrates seamlessly with existing methodologies for building optimizing compilers, including strategy-based transformations and the visitor design pattern. The Restage design pattern significantly reduces the complexity and maintenance cost of compilers for generic-purpose and domain-specific languages.

关键词： Optimizing compiler

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Programmable semantic fragments: The design and implementation of typy

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acm sigplan Notices 2016年第3期52卷 81-92页

作者： Omar, Cyrus Aldrich, Jonathan Carnegie Mellon University United States

This paper introduces typy, a statically typed programming language embedded by reflection into Python. typy features a fragmentary semantics, i.e. it delegates semantic control over each term, drawn from Python's fixed concrete and abstract syntax, to some contextually relevant user-defined semantic fragment. The delegated fragment programmatically 1) typechecks the term (following a bidirectional protocol);and 2) assigns dynamic meaning to the term by computing a translation to Python. We argue that this design is expressive with examples of fragments that express the static and dynamic semantics of 1) functional records;2) labeled sums (with nested pattern matching a la ML);3) a variation on JavaScript's prototypal object system;and 4) typed foreign interfaces to Python and OpenCL. These semantic structures are, or would need to be, defined primitively in conventionally structured languages. We further argue that this design is compositionally well-behaved. It avoids the expression problem and the problems of grammar composition because the syntax is fixed. Moreover, programs are semantically stable under fragment composition (i.e. defining a new fragment will not change the meaning of existing program components.) © 2016 acm.

关键词： Python

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The design and implementation of HoME 92

The design and implementation of HoME

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Proceedings of the acm sigplan 1992 conference on programming language design and implementation

作者： Kazuhiro Ogata Satoshi Kurihara Mikio Inari Norihisa Doi

ISBN: (纸本)9780897914758

HoME is a version of Smalltalk which can be efficiently executed on a multiprocessor and can be executed in parallel by combining a Smalltalk process with a Mach thread and executing the process on the thread. HoME is nearly the same as ordinary Smalltalk except that multiple processes may execute in parallel. Thus, almost all applications running on ordinary Smalltalk can be executed on HoME without changes in their *** was designed and implemented based on the following fundamental policies: (1) theoretically, an infinite number of processes can become active; (2) the moment a process is scheduled, it becomes active; (3) no process switching occurs; (4) HoME is equivalent to ordinary Smalltalk except for the previous three *** performance of the current implementation of HoME running on OMRON LUNA-88K, which had four processors, was measured by benchmarks which execute in parallel with multiple processes. In all benchmarks, the results showed that HoME's performance is much better than HPS on the same workstation.

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Fast and Space-Efficient Virtual Machine Checkpointing

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acm sigplan NOTICES 2011年第7期46卷 75-85页

作者： Park, Eunbyung Egger, Bernhard Lee, Jaejin Seoul Natl Univ Sch Comp Sci & Engn Seoul 151744 South Korea

Checkpointing, i.e., recording the volatile state of a virtual machine (VM) running as a guest in a virtual machine monitor (VMM) for later restoration, includes storing the memory available to the VM. Typically, a full image of the VM's memory along with processor and device states are recorded. With guest memory sizes of up to several gigabytes, the size of the checkpoint images becomes more and more of a concern. In this work we present a technique for fast and space-efficient checkpointing of virtual machines. In contrast to existing methods, our technique eliminates redundant data and stores only a subset of the VM's memory pages. Our technique transparently tracks I/O operations of the guest to external storage and maintains a list of memory pages whose contents are duplicated on non-volatile storage. At a checkpoint, these pages are excluded from the checkpoint image. We have implemented the proposed technique for paravirtualized as well as fully-virtualized guests in the Xen VMM. Our experiments with a paravirtualized guest (Linux) and two fully-virtualized guests (Linux, Windows) show a significant reduction in the size of the checkpoint image as well as the time required to complete the checkpoint. Compared to the current Xen implementation, we achieve, on average, an 81% reduction in the stored data and a 74% reduction in the time required to take a checkpoint for the paravirtualized Linux guest. In a fully-virtualized environment running Windows and Linux guests, we achieve a 64% reduction of the image size along with a 62% reduction in checkpointing time.

关键词： design Measurement Performance Reliability Virtual Machine Checkpointing

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