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14th acm sigplan/SIGBED conference on languages, Compilers and Tools for Embedded Systems

作者： Beemster, Marcel ACE Associated Compiler Experts bv Netherlands

ISBN: (纸本)9781450320856

Contrary to predictions of its demise, C remains a dominant programming language, especially in embedded systems. Speed and transparency dictate that it will be so for the next decade, despite its supposed unsuitability for programming parallel architectures. A flexible compiler development system is a unique vehicle to bend the C language and its implementation to the developers' will. Using hard-won experience in applying extended versions of C to diverse parallel architectures, C's potential in the dark ages of multi-core programming is examined.

关键词： languages Performance C programming language multi-core mapping implementation efficiency

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Static Analysis for Probabilistic Programs: Inferring Whole Program Properties from Finitely Many Paths

Static Analysis for Probabilistic Programs: Inferring Whole ...

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34th acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation (PLDI)

作者： Sankaranarayanan, Sriram Chakarov, Aleksandar Gulwani, Sumit Univ Colorado Boulder CO 80309 USA Microsoft Res Redmond WA USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450320146

We propose an approach for the static analysis of probabilistic programs that sense, manipulate, and control based on uncertain data. Examples include programs used in risk analysis, medical decision making and cyber-physical systems. Correctness properties of such programs take the form of queries that seek the probabilities of assertions over program variables. We present a static analysis approach that provides guaranteed interval bounds on the values (assertion probabilities) of such queries. First, we observe that for probabilistic programs, it is possible to conclude facts about the behavior of the entire program by choosing a finite, adequate set of its paths. We provide strategies for choosing such a set of paths and verifying its adequacy. The queries are evaluated over each path by a combination of symbolic execution and probabilistic volume-bound computations. Each path yields interval bounds that can be summed up with a "coverage" bound to yield an interval that encloses the probability of assertion for the program as a whole. We demonstrate promising results on a suite of benchmarks from many different sources including robotic manipulators and medical decision making programs.

关键词： Probabilistic programming Program Verification Volume Bounding Symbolic Execution Monte-Carlo Sampling

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A new perspective on processing-in-memory architecture design 13

A new perspective on processing-in-memory architecture desig...

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acm sigplan Workshop on Memory Systems Performance and Correctness, MSPC 2013, co-located with the 34th annual acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation, PLDI

作者： Zhang, Dong Ping Jayasena, Nuwan Lyashevsky, Alexander Greathouse, Joseph Meswani, Mitesh Nutter, Mark Ignatowski, Mike Research Group AMD CA United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781450321037

As computation becomes increasingly limited by data movement and energy consumption, exploiting locality throughout the memory hierarchy becomes critical for maintaining the performance scaling that many have come to expect from the computing industry. Moving computation closer to main memory presents an opportunity to reduce the overheads associated with data movement. We explore the potential of using 3D die stacking to move memory-intensive computations closer to memory. This approach to processing-in-memory addresses some drawbacks of prior research on in-memory computing and appears commercially viable in the foreseeable future. We show promising early results from this approach and identify areas that are in need of research to unlock its full potential. © 2013 acm.

关键词： Memory architecture

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TRANSIT: Specifying Protocols with Concolic Snippets

TRANSIT: Specifying Protocols with Concolic Snippets

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34th acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation (PLDI)

作者： Udupa, Abhishek Raghavan, Arun Deshmukh, Jyotirmoy V. Mador-Haim, Sela Martin, Milo M. K. Alur, Rajeev Univ Penn Philadelphia PA 19104 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450320146

With the maturing of technology for model checking and constraint solving, there is an emerging opportunity to develop programming tools that can transform the way systems are specified. In this paper, we propose a new way to program distributed protocols using concolic snippets. Concolic snippets are sample execution fragments that contain both concrete and symbolic values. The proposed approach allows the programmer to describe the desired system partially using the traditional model of communicating extended finite-state-machines (EFSM), along with high-level invariants and concrete execution fragments. Our synthesis engine completes an EFSM skeleton by inferring guards and updates from the given fragments which is then automatically analyzed using a model checker with respect to the desired invariants. The counterexamples produced by the model checker can then be used by the programmer to add new concrete execution fragments that describe the correct behavior in the specific scenario corresponding to the counterexample. We describe TRANSIT, a language and prototype implementation of the proposed specification methodology for distributed protocols. Experimental evaluations of TRANSIT to specify cache coherence protocols show that (1) the algorithm for expression inference from concolic snippets can synthesize expressions of size 15 involving typical operators over commonly occurring types, (2) for a classical directory-based protocol, TRANSIT automatically generates, in a few seconds, a complete implementation from a specification consisting of the EFSM structure and a few concrete examples for every transition, and (3) a published partial description of the SGI Origin cache coherence protocol maps directly to symbolic examples and leads to a complete implementation in a few iterations, with the programmer correcting counterexamples resulting from underspecified transitions by adding concrete examples in each iteration.

关键词： Program Synthesis Distributed Protocol Synthesis Cache Coherence Protocols programming by Example

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Higher-Order Functional Reactive programming without Spacetime Leaks 13

Higher-Order Functional Reactive Programming without Spaceti...

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18th acm sigplan International conference on Functional programming

作者： Krishnaswami, Neelakantan R. Max Planck Inst Software Syst MPI SWS Saarbrucken Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781450323260

Functional reactive programming (FRP) is an elegant approach to declaratively specify reactive systems. However, the powerful abstractions of FRP have historically made it difficult to predict and control the resource usage of programs written in this style. In this paper, we give a new language for higher-order reactive programming. Our language generalizes and simplifies prior type systems for reactive programming, by supporting the use of streams of streams, first-class functions, and higher-order operations. We also support many temporal operations beyond streams, such as terminatable streams, events, and even resumptions with first-class schedulers. Furthermore, our language supports an efficient implementation strategy permitting us to eagerly deallocate old values and statically rule out spacetime leaks, a notorious source of inefficiency in reactive programs. Furthermore, these memory guarantees are achieved without the use of a complex substructural type discipline. We also show that our implementation strategy of eager deallocation is safe, by showing the soundness of our type system with a novel step-indexed Kripke logical relation.

关键词： Functional reactive programming Kripke logical relations temporal logic guarded recursion dataflow capabilities comonads

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Isolation for Nested Task Parallelism

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acm sigplan NOTICES 2013年第10期48卷 571-587页

作者： Zhao, Jisheng Lublinerman, Roberto Budimlic, Zoran Chaudhuri, Swarat Sarkar, Vivek Rice Univ Houston TX 77251 USA Google Inc Mountain View CA USA

Isolation-the property that a task can access shared data without interference from other tasks-is one of the most basic concerns in parallel programming. While there is a large body of past work on isolated task-parallelism, the integration of isolation, task-parallelism, and nesting of tasks has been a difficult and unresolved challenge. In this paper, we present a programming and execution model called Otello where isolation is extended to arbitrarily nested parallel tasks with irregular accesses to heap data. At the same time, no additional burden is imposed on the programmer, who only exposes parallelism by creating and synchronizing parallel tasks, leaving the job of ensuring isolation to the underlying compiler and runtime system. Otello extends our past work on Aida execution model and the delegated isolation mechanism [22] to the setting of nested parallelism. The basic runtime construct in Aida and Otello is an assembly: a task equipped with a region in the shared heap that it owns. When an assembly A conflicts with an assembly B, A transfers-or delegates-its code and owned region to a carefully selected assembly C in a way that will ensure isolation with B, leaving the responsibility of re-executing task A to C. The choice of C depends on the nesting relationship between A and B. We have implemented Otello on top of the Habanero Java (HJ) parallel programming language [8], and used this implementation to evaluate Otello on collections of nested task-parallel benchmarks and non-nested transactional benchmarks from past work. On the nested task-parallel bench-marks, Otello achieves scalability comparable to HJ programs without built-in isolation, and the relative overhead of Otello is lower than that of many published data-race detection algorithms that detect the isolation violations (but do not enforce isolation). For the transactional benchmarks, Otello incurs lower overhead than a state-of-the-art software transactional memory system (Deuce STM).

关键词： languages design Isolation programming abstractions Irregular parallelism Contention

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Halide: A language and Compiler for Optimizing Parallelism, Locality, and Recomputation in Image Processing Pipelines

Halide: A Language and Compiler for Optimizing Parallelism, ...

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34th acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation (PLDI)

作者： Ragan-Kelley, Jonathan Barnes, Connelly Adams, Andrew Paris, Sylvain Durand, Fredo Amarasinghe, Saman MIT CSAIL United States Adobe United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781450320146

Image processing pipelines combine the challenges of stencil computations and stream programs. They are composed of large graphs of different stencil stages, as well as complex reductions, and stages with global or data-dependent access patterns. Because of their complex structure, the performance difference between a naive implementation of a pipeline and an optimized one is often an order of magnitude. Efficient implementations require optimization of both parallelism and locality, but due to the nature of stencils, there is a fundamental tension between parallelism, locality, and introducing redundant recomputation of shared values. We present a systematic model of the tradeoff space fundamental to stencil pipelines, a schedule representation which describes concrete points in this space for each stage in an image processing pipeline, and an optimizing compiler for the Halide image processing language that synthesizes high performance implementations from a Halide algorithm and a schedule. Combining this compiler with stochastic search over the space of schedules enables terse, composable programs to achieve state-of-the-art performance on a wide range of real image processing pipelines, and across different hardware architectures, including multicores with SIMD, and heterogeneous CPU+GPU execution. From simple Halide programs written in a few hours, we demonstrate performance up to 5x faster than hand-tuned C, intrinsics, and CUDA implementations optimized by experts over weeks or months, for image processing applications beyond the reach of past automatic compilers.

关键词： domain specific language compiler image processing locality parallelism redundant computation optimization GPU vectorization

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The Bedrock Structured programming System Combining Generative Metaprogramming and Hoare Logic in an Extensible Program Verifier 13

The Bedrock Structured Programming System Combining Generati...

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18th acm sigplan International conference on Functional programming

作者： Chlipala, Adam MIT CSAIL Cambridge MA USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450323260

We report on the design and implementation of an extensible programming language and its intrinsic support for formal verification. Our language is targeted at low-level programming of infrastructure like operating systems and runtime systems. It is based on a cross-platform core combining characteristics of assembly languages and compiler intermediate languages. From this foundation, we take literally the saying that C is a "macro assembly language": we introduce an expressive notion of certified low-level macros, sufficient to build up the usual features of C and beyond as macros with no special support in the core. Furthermore, our macros have integrated support for strongest postcondition calculation and verification condition generation, so that we can provide a high-productivity formal verification environment within Coq for programs composed from any combination of macros. Our macro interface is expressive enough to support features that low-level programs usually only access through external tools with no formal guarantees, such as declarative parsing or SQL-inspired querying. The abstraction level of these macros only imposes a compile-time cost, via the execution of functional Coq programs that compute programs in our intermediate language;but the run-time cost is not substantially greater than for more conventional C code. We describe our experiences constructing a full C-like language stack using macros, with some experiments on the verifiability and performance of individual programs running on that stack.

关键词： generative metaprogramming interactive proof assistants low-level programming languages functional programming

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System FC with Explicit Kind Equality

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acm sigplan NOTICES 2013年第9期48卷 275-286页

作者： Weirich, Stephanie Hsu, Justin Eisenberg, Richard A. Univ Penn Dept Comp & Informat Sci Philadelphia PA 19104 USA

System FC, the core language of the Glasgow Haskell Compiler, is an explicitly-typed variant of System F with first-class type equality proofs called coercions. This extensible proof system forms the foundation for type system extensions such as type families (type-level functions) and Generalized Algebraic Datatypes (GADTs). Such features, in conjunction with kind polymorphism and datatype promotion, support expressive compile-time reasoning. However, the core language lacks explicit kind equality proofs. As a result, type-level computation does not have access to kind-level functions or promoted GADTs, the type-level analogues to expression-level features that have been so useful. In this paper, we eliminate such discrepancies by introducing kind equalities to System FC. Our approach is based on dependent type systems with heterogeneous equality and the "Type-in-Type" axiom, yet it preserves the metatheoretic properties of FC. In particular, type checking is simple, decidable and syntax directed. We prove the preservation and progress theorems for the extended language.

关键词： design languages Haskell Dependent types Equality

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It's alive! Continuous feedback in UI programming

It's alive! Continuous feedback in UI programming

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34th acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation, PLDI 2013

作者： Burckhardt, Sebastian De Halleux, Peli Moskal, Michal Fähndrich, Manuel McDirmid, Sean Tillmann, Nikolai Kato, Jun Microsoft Research United States University of Tokyo Japan

ISBN: (纸本)9781450320146

Live programming allows programmers to edit the code of a running program and immediately see the effect of the code changes. This tightening of the traditional edit-compile-run cycle reduces the cognitive gap between program code and execution, improving the learning experience of beginning programmers while boosting the productivity of seasoned ones. Unfortunately, live programming is difficult to realize in practice as imperative languages lack well-defined abstraction boundaries that make live programming responsive or its feedback comprehensible. This paper enables live programming for user interface programming by cleanly separating the rendering and non-rendering aspects of a UI program, allowing the display to be refreshed on a code change without restarting the program. A type and effect system formalizes this separation and provides an evaluation model that incorporates the code update step. By putting live programming on a more formal footing, we hope to enable critical and technical discussion of live programming systems. Copyright © 2013 acm.

关键词： Graphical user interfaces

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