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How languages Can Save Distributed Computing

How Languages Can Save Distributed Computing

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40th acm SIGPLAN-sigact symposium on principles of programming languages

作者： Myers, Andrew C. Cornell Univ Dept Comp Sci Ithaca NY 14853 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450318327

Current networked computing platforms make available to users an immense and growing amount of computing power and storage. This should be an exciting time for computing, and it is. To users, it might seem an infinitely powerful Internet Computer exists with a manifestation on each of their several computing devices. Fabric aims to provide this high level programming abstraction, yet with an implementation that runs code securely and efficiently on a completely decentralized collection of nodes. The threat model is similar to that of the web, so malicious nodes are assumed to be part of Fabric and to be able to join and then provide code and data to other nodes. The Fabric compiler and run-time system together ensure that information does flow to any node that is not trusted to enforce its confidentiality policy, and that information does not flow from any node that is not trusted to enforce its integrity policy. The inherent compositionality of information flow control then ensures that all information flows across the distributed system respect the information security policies, even though these policies are interpreted and enforced in a decentralized way.

关键词： security information flow abstractions

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Logical relations for fine-grained concurrency

Logical relations for fine-grained concurrency

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40th Annual acm SIGPLAN-sigact symposium on principles of programming languages, POPL 2013

作者： Turon, Aaron J. Thamsborg, Jacob Ahmed, Amal Birkedal, Lars Dreyer, Derek Northeastern University Boston MA United States IT University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark MPI-SWS Saarbruecken Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781450318327

Fine-grained concurrent data structures (or FCDs) reduce the granularity of critical sections in both time and space, thus making it possible for clients to access different parts of a mutable data structure in parallel. However, the tradeoff is that the implementations of FCDs are very subtle and tricky to reason about directly. Consequently, they are carefully designed to be contextual refinements of their coarse-grained counterparts, meaning that their clients can reason about them as if all access to them were sequentialized. In this paper, we propose a new semantic model, based on Kripke logical relations, that supports direct proofs of contextual refinement in the setting of a type-safe high-level language. The key idea behind our model is to provide a simple way of expressing the "local life stories" of individual pieces of an FCD's hidden state by means of protocols that the threads concurrently accessing that state must follow. By endowing these protocols with a simple yet powerful transition structure, as well as the ability to assert invariants on both heap states and specification code, we are able to support clean and intuitive refinement proofs for the most sophisticated types of FCDs, such as conditional compare-and-set (CCAS). © 2013 acm.

关键词： High level languages

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Static and Dynamic Semantics of NoSQL languages

Static and Dynamic Semantics of NoSQL Languages

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40th acm SIGPLAN-sigact symposium on principles of programming languages

作者： Benzaken, Veronique Castagna, Giuseppe Nguyen, Kim Simeon, Jerome Univ Paris 11 LRI F-91405 Orsay France Univ Paris Diderot CNRS PPS Sorbonne Paris Cite Paris France IBM Watson Res Hawthorne NY USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450318327

We present a calculus for processing semistructured data that spans differences of application area among several novel query languages, broadly categorized as "NoSQL". This calculus lets users define their own operators, capturing a wider range of data processing capabilities, whilst providing a typing precision so far typical only of primitive hard-coded operators. The type inference algorithm is based on semantic type checking, resulting in type information that is both precise, and flexible enough to handle structured and semistructured data. We illustrate the use of this calculus by encoding a large fragment of Jaql, including operations and iterators over JSON, embedded SQL expressions, and co-grouping, and show how the encoding directly yields a typing discipline for Jaql as it is, namely without the addition of any type definition or type annotation in the code.

关键词： NoSQL BigData Analytics Jaql Cloud Computing Type Inference

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Copatterns programming Infinite Structures by Observations

Copatterns Programming Infinite Structures by Observations

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40th acm SIGPLAN-sigact symposium on principles of programming languages

作者： Abel, Andreas Pientka, Brigitte Thibodeau, David Setzer, Anton Univ Munich Dept Comp Sci Munich Germany McGill Univ Sch Comp Sci Montreal PQ Canada Swansea Univ Swansea W Glam Wales

ISBN: (纸本)9781450318327

Inductive datatypes provide mechanisms to define finite data such as finite lists and trees via constructors and allow programmers to analyze and manipulate finite data via pattern matching. In this paper, we develop a dual approach for working with infinite data structures such as streams. Infinite data inhabits coinductive datatypes which denote greatest fixpoints. Unlike finite data which is defined by constructors we define infinite data by observations. Dual to pattern matching, a tool for analyzing finite data, we develop the concept of copattern matching, which allows us to synthesize infinite data. This leads to a symmetric language design where pattern matching on finite and infinite data can be mixed. We present a core language for programming with infinite structures by observations together with its operational semantics based on (co) pattern matching and describe coverage of copatterns. Our language naturally supports both call-by-name and call-by-value interpretations and can be seamlessly integrated into existing languages like Haskell and ML. We prove type soundness for our language and sketch how copatterns open new directions for solving problems in the interaction of coinductive and dependent types.

关键词： languages Theory Coinduction Functional programming Introduction vs. elimination Message passing Pattern matching

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Inductive Data Flow Graphs

Inductive Data Flow Graphs

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40th acm SIGPLAN-sigact symposium on principles of programming languages

作者： Farzan, Azadeh Kincaid, Zachary Podelski, Andreas Univ Toronto Toronto ON M5S 1A1 Canada Univ Freiburg Freiburg Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781450318327

The correctness of a sequential program can be shown by the annotation of its control flow graph with inductive assertions. We propose inductive data flow graphs, data flow graphs with incorporated inductive assertions, as the basis of an approach to verifying concurrent programs. An inductive data flow graph accounts for a set of dependencies between program actions in interleaved thread executions, and therefore stands as a representation for the set of concurrent program traces which give rise to these dependencies. The approach first constructs an inductive data flow graph and then checks whether all program traces are represented. The size of the inductive data flow graph is polynomial in the number of data dependencies (in a sense that can be made formal);it does not grow exponentially in the number of threads unless the data dependencies do. The approach shifts the burden of the exponential explosion towards the check whether all program traces are represented, i.e., to a combinatorial problem (over finite graphs).

关键词： languages Verification Concurrency Verification Static Analysis

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A Model-Learner Pattern for Bayesian Reasoning

A Model-Learner Pattern for Bayesian Reasoning

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40th acm SIGPLAN-sigact symposium on principles of programming languages

作者： Gordon, Andrew D. Aizatulin, Mihhail Borgstrom, Johannes Claret, Guillaume Graepel, Thore Nori, Aditya V. Rajamani, Sriram K. Russo, Claudio Univ Edinburgh Edinburgh EH8 9YL Midlothian Scotland Open Univ Milton Keynes Bucks England Uppsala Univ Uppsala Sweden

ISBN: (纸本)9781450318327

A Bayesian model is based on a pair of probability distributions, known as the prior and sampling distributions. A wide range of fundamental machine learning tasks, including regression, classification, clustering, and many others, can all be seen as Bayesian models. We propose a new probabilistic programming abstraction, a typed Bayesian model, based on a pair of probabilistic expressions for the prior and sampling distributions. A sampler for a model is an algorithm to compute synthetic data from its sampling distribution, while a learner for a model is an algorithm for probabilistic inference on the model. Models, samplers, and learners form a generic programming pattern for model-based inference. They support the uniform expression of common tasks including model testing, and generic compositions such as mixture models, evidence-based model averaging, and mixtures of experts. A formal semantics supports reasoning about model equivalence and implementation correctness. By developing a series of examples and three learner implementations based on exact inference, factor graphs, and Markov chain Monte Carlo, we demonstrate the broad applicability of this new programming pattern.

关键词： Bayesian reasoning machine learning model-learner pattern probabilistic programming

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The Geometry of Types

The Geometry of Types

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40th acm SIGPLAN-sigact symposium on principles of programming languages

作者： Dal Lago, Ugo Petit, Barbara Univ Bologna I-40126 Bologna Italy INRIA Paris France

ISBN: (纸本)9781450318327

We show that time complexity analysis of higher-order functional programs can be effectively reduced to an arguably simpler (although computationally equivalent) verification problem, namely checking first-order inequalities for validity. This is done by giving an efficient inference algorithm for linear dependent types which, given a P C F term, produces in output both a linear dependent type and a cost expression for the term, together with a set of proof obligations. Actually, the output type judgement is derivable iff all proof obligations are valid. This, coupled with the already known relative completeness of linear dependent types, ensures that no information is lost, i.e., that there are no false positives or negatives. Moreover, the procedure reflects the difficulty of the original problem: simple P C F terms give rise to sets of proof obligations which are easy to solve. The latter can then be put in a format suitable for automatic or semi-automatic verification by external solvers. Ongoing experimental evaluation has produced encouraging results, which are briefly presented in the paper.

关键词： Performance Theory Verification Functional programming Higher-order Types Linear Logic Resource Consumption Complexity Analysis

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Full Abstraction for Nominal Scott Domains

Full Abstraction for Nominal Scott Domains

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40th acm SIGPLAN-sigact symposium on principles of programming languages

作者： Loesch, Steffen Pitts, Andrew M. Univ Cambridge Cambridge CB2 1TN England

ISBN: (纸本)9781450318327

We develop a domain theory within nominal sets and present programming language constructs and results that can be gained from this approach. The development is based on the concept of orbit finite subset, that is, a subset of a nominal sets that is both finitely supported and contained in finitely many orbits. This concept appears prominently in the recent research programme of Bojanczyk et a l. on automata over infinite languages, and our results establish a connection between their work and a characterisation of topological compactness discovered, in a quite different setting, by Winskel and Turner as part of a nominal domain theory for concurrency. We use this connection to derive a notion of Scott domain within nominal sets. The functionals for existential quantification over names and 'definite description' over names turn out to be compact in the sense appropriate for nominal Scott domains. Adding them, together with parallel-or, to a programming language for recursively defined higher-order functions with name abstraction and locally scoped names, we prove a full abstraction result for nominal Scott domains analogous to Plotkin's classic result about P C F and conventional Scott domains: two program phrases have the same observable operational behaviour in all contexts if and only if they denote equal elements of the nominal Scott domain model. This is the first full abstraction result we know of for higher-order functions with local names that uses a domain theory based on ordinary extensional functions, rather than using the more intensional approach of game semantics.

关键词： languages Theory Denotational Semantics Domain Theory Full Abstraction Nominal Sets Symmetry

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Abstraction and Invariance for Algebraically Indexed Types

Abstraction and Invariance for Algebraically Indexed Types

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40th acm SIGPLAN-sigact symposium on principles of programming languages

作者： Atkey, Robert Johann, Patricia Kennedy, Andrew Univ Strathclyde Glasgow G1 1XQ Lanark Scotland Microsoft Res Cambridge Cambridge England

ISBN: (纸本)9781450318327

Reynolds' relational parametricity provides a powerful way to reason about programs in terms of invariance under changes of data representation. A dazzling array of applications of Reynolds' theory exists, exploiting invariance to yield "free theorems", non-inhabitation results, and encodings of algebraic datatypes. Outside computer science, invariance is a common theme running through many areas of mathematics and physics. For example, the area of a triangle is unaltered by rotation or flipping. If we scale a triangle, then we scale its area, maintaining an invariant relationship between the two. The transformations under which properties are invariant are often organised into groups, with the algebraic structure reflecting the composability and invertibility of transformations. In this paper, we investigate programming languages whose types are indexed by algebraic structures such as groups of geometric transformations. Other examples include types indexed by principals-for information flow security-and types indexed by distances-for analysis of analytic uniform continuity properties. Following Reynolds, we prove a general Abstraction Theorem that covers all these instances. Consequences of our Abstraction Theorem include free theorems expressing invariance properties of programs, type isomorphisms based on invariance properties, and non-definability results indicating when certain algebraically indexed types are uninhabited or only inhabited by trivial programs. We have fully formalised our framework and most examples in Coq.

关键词： languages Theory Types parametricity units of measure dimensional analysis invariance computational geometry information flow metric types uniform continuity

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High-Level Separation Logic for Low-Level Code

High-Level Separation Logic for Low-Level Code

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40th acm SIGPLAN-sigact symposium on principles of programming languages

作者： Jensen, Jonas B. Benton, Nick Kennedy, Andrew IT Univ Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark Microsoft Res Cambridge Cambridge England

ISBN: (纸本)9781450318327

Separation logic is a powerful tool for reasoning about structured, imperative programs that manipulate pointers. However, its application to unstructured, lower-level languages such as assembly language or machine code remains challenging. In this paper we describe a separation logic tailored for this purpose that we have applied to x86 machine-code programs. The logic is built from an assertion logic on machine states over which we construct a specification logic that encapsulates uses of frames and step indexing. The traditional notion of Hoare triple is not applicable directly to unstructured machine code, where code and data are mixed together and programs do not in general run to completion, so instead we adopt a continuation-passing style of specification with preconditions alone. Nevertheless, the range of primitives provided by the specification logic, which include a higher-order frame connective, a novel read-only frame connective, and a 'later' modality, support the definition of derived forms to support structured-programming-style reasoning for common cases, in which standard rules for Hoare triples are derived as lemmas. Furthermore, our encoding of scoped assembly-language labels lets us give definitions and proof rules for powerful assembly-language 'macros' such as while loops, conditionals and procedures. We have applied the framework to a model of sequential x86 machine code built entirely within the Coq proof assistant, including tactic support based on computational reflection.

关键词： languages theory verification Separation logic machine code proof assistants

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