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The Marriage of Bisimulations and Kripke Logical Relations 12

The Marriage of Bisimulations and Kripke Logical Relations

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39th Annual acm SIGPLAN-sigact symposium on principles of programming languages

作者： Hur, Chung-Kil Dreyer, Derek Neis, Georg Vafeiadis, Viktor MPI-SWS Saarbruecken Germany MPI-SWS Kaiserslautern Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781450310833

There has been great progress in recent years on developing effective techniques for reasoning about program equivalence in ML-like languages-that is, languages that combine features like higher-order functions, recursive types, abstract types, and general mutable references. Two of the most prominent types of techniques to have emerged are bisimulations and Kripke logical relations (KLRs). While both approaches are powerful, their complementary advantages have led us and other researchers to wonder whether there is an essential tradeoff between them. Furthermore, both approaches seem to suffer from fundamental limitations if one is interested in scaling them to inter-language reasoning. In this paper, we propose relation transition systems (RTSs), which marry together some of the most appealing aspects of KLRs and bisimulations. In particular, RTSs show how bisimulations' support for reasoning about recursive features via coinduction can be synthesized with KLRs' support for reasoning about local state via state transition systems. Moreover, we have designed RTSs to avoid the limitations of KLRs and bisimulations that preclude their generalization to inter-language reasoning. Notably, unlike KLRs, RTSs are transitively composable.

关键词： languages Theory Verification Kripke logical relations bisimulations relation transition systems contextual equivalence higher-order state recursive types abstract types transitivity global vs. local knowledge

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A Compiler and Run-time System for Network programming languages 12

A Compiler and Run-time System for Network Programming Langu...

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39th Annual acm SIGPLAN-sigact symposium on principles of programming languages

作者： Monsanto, Christopher Foster, Nate Harrison, Rob Walker, David Princeton Univ Princeton NJ 08544 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450310833

Software-defined networks (SDNs) are a new kind of network architecture in which a controller machine manages a distributed collection of switches by instructing them to install or uninstall packet-forwarding rules and report traffic statistics. The recently formed Open Networking Consortium, whose members include Google, Facebook, Microsoft, Verizon, and others, hopes to use this architecture to transform the way that enterprise and data center networks are implemented. In this paper, we define a high-level, declarative language, called Net Core, for expressing packet-forwarding policies on SDNs. Net-Core is expressive, compositional, and has a formal semantics. To ensure that a majority of packets are processed efficiently on switches instead of on the controller we present new compilation algorithms for Net Core and couple them with a new run-time system that issues rule installation commands and traffic-statistics queries to switches. Together, the compiler and run-time system generate efficient rules whenever possible and outperform the simple, manual techniques commonly used to program SDNs today. In addition, the algorithms we develop are generic, assuming only that the packet-matching capabilities available on switches satisfy some basic algebraic laws. Overall, this paper delivers a new design for a high-level network programming language;an improved set of compiler algorithms;a new run-time system for SDN architectures;the first formal semantics and proofs of correctness in this domain;and an implementation and evaluation that demonstrates the performance benefits over traditional manual techniques.

关键词： Software-defined Networking OpenFlow Frenetic Network programming languages Domain specific languages

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Resource-Sensitive Synchronization Inference by Abduction 12

Resource-Sensitive Synchronization Inference by Abduction

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39th Annual acm SIGPLAN-sigact symposium on principles of programming languages

作者： Botincan, Matko Dodds, Mike Jagannathan, Suresh Univ Cambridge Cambridge CB2 1TN England Purdue Univ W Lafayette IN 47907 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450310833

We present an analysis which takes as its input a sequential program, augmented with annotations indicating potential parallelization opportunities, and a sequential proof, written in separation logic, and produces a correctly-synchronized parallelized program and proof of that program. Unlike previous work, ours is not an independence analysis;we insert synchronization constructs to preserve relevant dependencies found in the sequential program that may otherwise be violated by a naive translation. Separation logic allows us to parallelize fine-grained patterns of resource-usage, moving beyond straightforward points-to analysis. Our analysis works by using the sequential proof to discover dependencies between different parts of the program. It leverages these discovered dependencies to guide the insertion of synchronization primitives into the parallelized program, and to ensure that the resulting parallelized program satisfies the same specification as the original sequential program, and exhibits the same sequential behaviour. Our analysis is built using frame inference and abduction, two techniques supported by an increasing number of separation logic tools.

关键词： languages Theory Verification Separation Logic Abduction Frame Inference Deterministic Parallelism

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programming with Binders and Indexed Data-Types 12

Programming with Binders and Indexed Data-Types

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39th Annual acm SIGPLAN-sigact symposium on principles of programming languages

作者： Cave, Andrew Pientka, Brigitte McGill Univ Montreal PQ H3A 2T5 Canada

ISBN: (纸本)9781450310833

We show how to combine a general purpose type system for an existing language with support for programming with binders and contexts by refining the type system of ML with a restricted form of dependent types where index objects are drawn from contextual LF. This allows the user to specify formal systems within the logical framework LF and index ML types with contextual LF objects. Our language design keeps the index language generic only requiring decidability of equality of the index language providing a modular design. To illustrate the elegance and effectiveness of our language, we give programs for closure conversion and normalization by evaluation. Our three key technical contribution are: 1) We give a bidirectional type system for our core language which is centered around refinement substitutions instead of constraint solving. As a consequence, type checking is decidable and easy to trust, although constraint solving may be undecidable. 2) We give a big-step environment based operational semantics with environments which lends itself to efficient implementation. 3) We prove our language to be type safe and have mechanized our theoretical development in the proof assistant Coq using the fresh approach to binding.

关键词： Logical frameworks higher-order abstract syntax dependent types recursive types

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The Ins and Outs of Gradual Type Inference 12

The Ins and Outs of Gradual Type Inference

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39th Annual acm SIGPLAN-sigact symposium on principles of programming languages

作者： Rastogi, Aseem Chaudhuri, Avik Hosmer, Basil SUNY Stony Brook Stony Brook NY 11794 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450310833

Gradual typing lets programmers evolve their dynamically typed programs by gradually adding explicit type annotations, which confer benefits like improved performance and fewer run-time failures. However, we argue that such evolution often requires a giant leap, and that type inference can offer a crucial missing step. If omitted type annotations are interpreted as unknown types, rather than the dynamic type, then static types can often be inferred, thereby removing unnecessary assumptions of the dynamic type. The remaining assumptions of the dynamic type may then be removed by either reasoning outside the static type system, or restructuring the code. We present a type inference algorithm that can improve the performance of existing gradually typed programs without introducing any new run-time failures. To account for dynamic typing, types that flow in to an unknown type are treated in a fundamentally different manner than types that flow out. Furthermore, in the interests of backward-compatibility, an escape analysis is conducted to decide which types are safe to infer. We have implemented our algorithm for ActionScript, and evaluated it on the SunSpider and V8 benchmark suites. We demonstrate that our algorithm can improve the performance of unannotated programs as well as recover most of the type annotations in annotated programs.

关键词： Algorithms languages Performance Theory Gradual typing Type inference ActionScript

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Constraints as Control 12

Constraints as Control

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39th Annual acm SIGPLAN-sigact symposium on principles of programming languages

作者： Koeksal, Ali Sinan Kuncak, Viktor Suter, Philippe Swiss Fed Inst Technol EPFL Sch Comp & Commun Sci I&C Lausanne Switzerland

ISBN: (纸本)9781450310833

We present an extension of Scala that supports constraint programming over bounded and unbounded domains. The resulting language, Kaplan, provides the benefits of constraint programming while preserving the existing features of Scala. Kaplan integrates constraint and imperative programming by using constraints as an advanced control structure;the developers use the monadic 'for' construct to iterate over the solutions of constraints or branch on the existence of a solution. The constructs we introduce have simple semantics that can be understood as explicit enumeration of values, but are implemented more efficiently using symbolic reasoning. Kaplan programs can manipulate constraints at run-time, with the combined benefits of type-safe syntax trees and first-class functions. The language of constraints is a functional subset of Scala, supporting arbitrary recursive function definitions over algebraic data types, sets, maps, and integers. Our implementation runs on a platform combining a constraint solver with a standard virtual machine. For constraint solving we use an algorithm that handles recursive function definitions through fair function unrolling and builds upon the state-of-the art SMT solver Z3. We evaluate Kaplan on examples ranging from enumeration of data structures to execution of declarative specifications. We found Kaplan promising because it is expressive, supporting a range of problem domains, while enabling full-speed execution of programs that do not rely on constraint programming.

关键词： Constraint programming Satisfiability Modulo Theories Executable Specifications Scala Embedded Domain-Specific languages Non-determinism

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Clarifying and Compiling C/C++ Concurrency: from C++11 to POWER 12

Clarifying and Compiling C/C++ Concurrency: from C++11 to PO...

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39th Annual acm SIGPLAN-sigact symposium on principles of programming languages

作者： Batty, Mark Memarian, Kayvan Owens, Scott Sarkar, Susmit Sewell, Peter Univ Cambridge Cambridge CB2 1TN England

ISBN: (纸本)9781450310833

The upcoming C and C++ revised standards add concurrency to the languages, for the first time, in the form of a subtle relaxed memory model (the C++ 11 model). This aims to permit compiler optimisation and to accommodate the differing relaxed-memory behaviours of mainstream multiprocessors, combining simple semantics for most code with high-performance low-level atomics for concurrency libraries. In this paper, we first establish two simpler but provably equivalent models for C++11, one for the full language and another for the subset without consume operations. Subsetting further to the fragment without low-level atomics, we identify a subtlety arising from atomic initialisation and prove that, under an additional condition, the model is equivalent to sequential consistency for race-free programs. We then prove our main result, the correctness of two proposed compilation schemes for the C++11 load and store concurrency primitives to Power assembly, having noted that an earlier proposal was flawed. (The main ideas apply also to ARM, which has a similar relaxed memory architecture.) This should inform the ongoing development of production compilers for C++11 and C1x, clarifies what properties of the machine architecture are required, and builds confidence in the C++11 and Power semantics.

关键词： languages Reliability Standardization Theory Verification Relaxed Memory Models Semantics

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Nested Refinements: A Logic for Duck Typing 12

Nested Refinements: A Logic for Duck Typing

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39th Annual acm SIGPLAN-sigact symposium on principles of programming languages

作者： Chugh, Ravi Rondon, Patrick M. Jhala, Ranjit Univ Calif San Diego San Diego CA 92103 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450310833

Programs written in dynamic languages make heavy use of features - run-time type tests, value-indexed dictionaries, polymorphism, and higher-order functions - that are beyond the reach of type systems that employ either purely syntactic or purely semantic reasoning. We present a core calculus, System D, that merges these two modes of reasoning into a single powerful mechanism of nested refinement types wherein the typing relation is itself a predicate in the refinement logic. System D coordinates SMT-based logical implication and syntactic subtyping to automatically typecheck sophisticated dynamic language programs. By coupling nested refinements with McCarthy's theory of finite maps, System D can precisely reason about the interaction of higher-order functions, polymorphism, and dictionaries. The addition of type predicates to the refinement logic creates a circularity that leads to unique technical challenges in the metatheory, which we solve with a novel stratification approach that we use to prove the soundness of System D.

关键词： Refinement Types Dynamic languages

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Edit Lenses 12

Edit Lenses

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39th Annual acm SIGPLAN-sigact symposium on principles of programming languages

作者： Hofmann, Martin Pierce, Benjamin Wagner, Daniel Univ Munich D-80539 Munich Germany Univ Penn Philadelphia PA 19104 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450310833

A lens is a bidirectional transformation between a pair of connected data structures, capable of translating an edit on one structure into an appropriate edit on the other. Many varieties of lenses have been studied, but none, to date, has offered a satisfactory treatment of how edits are represented. Many foundational accounts [5, 7] only consider edits of the form "overwrite the whole structure," leading to poor behavior in many situations by failing to track the associations between corresponding parts of the structures when elements are inserted and deleted in ordered lists, for example. Other theories of lenses do maintain these associations, either by annotating the structures themselves with change information [6, 15] or using auxiliary data structures [2, 4], but every extant theory assumes that the entire original source structure is part of the information passed to the lens. We offer a general theory of edit lenses, which work with descriptions of changes to structures, rather than with the structures hemselves. We identify a simple notion of "editable structure"-a set of states plus a monoid of edits with a partial monoid action on the states-and construct a semantic space of lenses between such structures, with natural laws governing their behavior. We show how a range of constructions from earlier papers on "state-based" lenses can be carried out in this space, including composition, products, sums, list operations, etc. Further, we show how to construct edit lenses for arbitrary containers in the sense of Abbott, Altenkirch, and Ghani [1]. Finally, we show that edit lenses refine a well-known formulation of state-based lenses [7], in the sense that every state-based lens gives rise to an edit lens over structures with a simple overwrite-only edit language, and conversely every edit lens on such structures gives rise to a state-based lens.

关键词： Design languages Theory algebra bidirectional programming edit lens symmetric

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Self-Certification Bootstrapping Certified Typecheckers in F^☆ with Coq 12

Self-Certification Bootstrapping Certified Typecheckers in F...

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39th Annual acm SIGPLAN-sigact symposium on principles of programming languages

作者： Strub, Pierre-Yves Swamy, Nikhil Fournet, Cedric Chen, Juan MSR INRIA Paris France

ISBN: (纸本)9781450310833

Well-established dependently-typed languages like Agda and Coq provide reliable ways to build and check formal proofs. Several other dependently-typed languages such as Aura, ATS, Cayenne, Epigram, F-star, F7, Fine, Guru, PCML5, and Ur also explore reliable ways to develop and verify programs. All these languages shine in their own regard, but their implementations do not themselves enjoy the degree of safety provided by machine-checked verification. We propose a general technique called self-certification that allows a typechecker for a suitably expressive language to be certified for correctness. We have implemented this technique for F-star, a dependently typed language on the. NET platform. Self-certification involves implementing a typechecker for F-star in F-star, while using all the conveniences F ? provides for the compiler-writer (e. g., partiality, effects, implicit conversions, proof automation, libraries). This typechecker is given a specification (in F-star) strong enough to ensure that it computes valid typing derivations. We obtain a typing derivation for the core typechecker by running it on itself, and we export it to Coq as a type-derivation certificate. By typechecking this derivation (in Coq) and applying the F-star metatheory (also mechanized in Coq), we conclude that our type checker is correct. Once certified in this manner, the F-star typechecker is emancipated from Coq. Self-certification leads to an efficient certification scheme-we no longer depend on verifying certificates in Coq-as well as a more broadly applicable one. For instance, the self-certified F-star checker is suitable for use in adversarial settings where Coq is not intended for use, such as run-time certification of mobile code.

关键词： Verification languages Certification Dependent Types Refinement Types

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