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检索条件"任意字段=ACM Singplan-sigact Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages"

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Modeling Abstract Types in Modules with Open Existential Types 09

Modeling Abstract Types in Modules with Open Existential Typ...

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36th acm SIGPLAN-sigact symposium on principles of programming languages

作者： Montagu, Benoit Remy, Didier INRIA Paris France

ISBN: (纸本)9781605583792

We propose F-(sic), a calculus of open existential types that is an extension of System F obtained by decomposing the introduction and elimination of existential types into more atomic constructs. Open existential types model modular type abstraction as done in module systems. The static semantics of F-(sic) adapts standard techniques to deal with linearity of typing contexts, its dynamic semantics is a small-step reduction semantics that performs extrusion of type abstraction as needed during reduction, and the two are related by subject reduction and progress lemmas. Applying the Curry-Howard isomorphism, F-(sic) can be also read back as a logic with the same expressive power as second-order logic but with more modular ways of assembling partial proofs. We also extend the core calculus to handle the double vision problem as well as type-level and term-level recursion. The resulting language turns out to be a new formalization of (a minor variant of) Dreyer's internal language for recursive and mixin modules.

关键词： Design languages Theory Lambda-Calculus Modules Type systems Abstract types Generativity Existential Types Linear type systems Modularity

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Lazy Evaluation and Delimited Control 09

Lazy Evaluation and Delimited Control

引用

36th acm SIGPLAN-sigact symposium on principles of programming languages

作者： Garcia, Ronald Lumsdaine, Andrew Sabry, Amr Rice Univ Houston TX 77251 USA Indiana Univ Bloomington IN 47405 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781605583792

The call-by-need lambda calculus provides an equational framework for reasoning syntactically about lazy evaluation. This paper examines its operational characteristics. By a series of reasoning steps, we systematically unpack the standard-order reduction relation of the calculus and discover a novel abstract machine definition which, like the calculus, goes "under lambdas." We prove that machine evaluation is equivalent to standard-order evaluation. Unlike traditional abstract machines, delimited control plays a significant role in the machine's behavior. In particular, the machine replaces the manipulation of a heap using store-based effects with disciplined management of the evaluation stack using control-based effects. In short, state is replaced with control. To further articulate this observation, we present a simulation of call-by-need in a call-by-value language using delimited control operations.

关键词： languages Theory call-by-need reduction semantics abstract machines delimited continuations lambda calculus

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Copy-on-Write in the PHP Language 09

Copy-on-Write in the PHP Language

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36th acm SIGPLAN-sigact symposium on principles of programming languages

作者： Tozawa, Akihiko Tatsubori, Michiaki Onodera, Tamiya Minamide, Yasuhiko IBM Res Tokyo Res Lab Tokyo Japan Univ Tsukuba Dept Comp Sci Tsukuba Ibaraki 305 Japan

ISBN: (纸本)9781605583792

PHP is a popular language for server-side applications. In PHP, assignment to variables copies the assigned values, according to its so-called copy-on-assignment semantics. In contrast, a typical PHP implementation uses a copy-on-write scheme to reduce the copy overhead by delaying copies as much as possible. This leads us to ask if the semantics and implementation of PHP coincide, and actually this is not the case in the presence of sharings within values. In this paper, we describe the copy-on-assignment semantics with three possible strategies to copy values containing sharings. The current PHP implementation has inconsistencies with these semantics, caused by its naive use of copy-on-write. We fix this problem by the novel mostly copy-on-write scheme, making the copy-on-write implementations faithful to the semantics. We prove that our copy-on-write implementations are correct, using bisimulation with the copy-on-assignment semantics.

关键词： Design languages

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Formal Certification of Code-Based Cryptographic Proofs 09

Formal Certification of Code-Based Cryptographic Proofs

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36th acm SIGPLAN-sigact symposium on principles of programming languages

作者： Barthe, Gilles Gregoire, Benjamin Beguelin, Santiago Zanella IMDEA Software Madrid Spain INRIA Sophia Antipolis Mediterranee France

ISBN: (纸本)9781605583792

As cryptographic proofs have become essentially unverifiable, cryptographers have argued in favor of developing techniques that help tame the complexity of their proofs. Game-based techniques provide a popular approach in which proofs are structured as sequences of games, and in which proof steps establish the validity of transitions between successive games. Code-based techniques form an instance of this approach that takes a code-centric view of games, and that relies on programming language theory to justify proof steps. While code-based techniques contribute to formalize the security statements precisely and to carry out proofs systematically, typical proofs are so long and involved that formal verification is necessary to achieve a high degree of confidence. We present CertiCrypt, a framework that enables the machine-checked construction and verification of code-based proofs. CertiCrypt is built upon the general-purpose proof assistant Coq, and draws on many areas, including probability, complexity, algebra, and semantics of programming languages. CertiCrypt provides certified tools to reason about the equivalence of probabilistic programs, including a relational Hoare logic, a theory of observational equivalence, verified program transformations, and game-based techniques such as reasoning about failure events. The usefulness of CertiCrypt is demonstrated through various examples, including a proof of semantic security of OAEP (with a bound that improves upon existing published results), and a proof of existential unforgeability of FDH signatures. Our work provides a first yet significant step towards Halevi's ambitious programme of providing tool support for cryptographic proofs.

关键词： languages Security Theory Verification

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Local Rely-Guarantee Reasoning 09

Local Rely-Guarantee Reasoning

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36th acm SIGPLAN-sigact symposium on principles of programming languages

作者： Feng, Xinyu Toyota Technol Inst Chicago IL 60637 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781605583792

Rely-Guarantee reasoning is a well-known method for verification of shared-variable concurrent programs. However, it is difficult for users to define rely/guarantee conditions, which specify threads' behaviors over the whole program state. Recent efforts to combine Separation Logic with Rely-Guarantee reasoning have made it possible to hide thread-local resources, but the shared resources still need to be globally known and specified. This greatly limits the reuse of verified program modules. In this paper, we propose LRG, a new Rely-Guarantee-based logic that brings local reasoning and information hiding to concurrency verification. Our logic, for the first time, supports a frame rule over rely/guarantee conditions so that specifications of program modules only need to talk about the resources used locally, and the verified modules can be reused in different threads without redoing the proof. Moreover, we introduce a new hiding rule to hide the resources shared by a subset of threads from the rest in the system. The support of information hiding not only improves the modularity of Rely-Guarantee reasoning, but also enables the sharing of dynamically allocated resources, which requires adjustment of rely/guarantee conditions.

关键词： languages Theory Verification Concurrency Rely-Guarantee Reasoning Separation Logic Local Reasoning Information Hiding

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Semi-Sparse Flow-Sensitive Pointer Analysis 09

Semi-Sparse Flow-Sensitive Pointer Analysis

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36th acm SIGPLAN-sigact symposium on principles of programming languages

作者： Hardekopf, Ben Lin, Calvin Univ Texas Austin Austin TX 78712 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781605583792

Pointer analysis is a prerequisite for many program analyses, and the effectiveness of these analyses depends on the precision of the pointer information they receive. Two major axes of pointer analysis precision are flow-sensitivity and context-sensitivity, and while there has been significant recent progress regarding scalable context-sensitive pointer analysis, relatively little progress has been made in improving the scalability of flow-sensitive pointer analysis. This paper presents a new interprocedural, flow-sensitive pointer analysis algorithm that combines two ideas-semi-sparse analysis and a novel use of BDDs-that arise from a careful understanding of the unique challenges that face flow-sensitive pointer analysis. We evaluate our algorithm on 12 C benchmarks ranging from 11K to 474K lines of code. Our fastest algorithm is on average 197 x faster and uses 4.6 x less memory than the state of the art, and it can analyze programs that are an order of magnitude larger than the previous state of the art.

关键词： Algorithms languages Pointer analysis alias analysis

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Language Constructs for Transactional Memory 09

Language Constructs for Transactional Memory

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36th acm SIGPLAN-sigact symposium on principles of programming languages

作者： Harris, Tim Microsoft Research Cambridge United Kingdom

ISBN: (纸本)9781605583792

Building concurrent shared-memory data structures is a notoriously difficult problem, and so the widespread move to multi-core and multi-processor hardware has led to increasing interest in language constructs that may make concurrent programming easier. One technique that has been studied widely is the use of atomic blocks built over transactional memory (TM): the programmer marks a section of code as atomic, and the language implementation speculatively executes it using transactions. Transactions can run in parallel so long as they access different *** this talk I'll introduce some of the challenges that I've seen in building robust implementations of this idea. What are the language design choices that exist? What language features can be used inside atomic blocks, and where can atomic blocks occur? Which uses of atomic blocks should be considered correct, and which uses should be considered "racy"? What are the likely impacts of different design choices on performance? What are the impacts on flexibility for the language implementer, and what are the impacts on flexibility to the programmer using these constructs?I'll argue that one way of trying to resolve these questions is to be rigorous about keeping the ideas of atomic blocks and TM separate; in practice they've often been conflated (not least in languages that I've worked on). I'll argue that, when thinking about atomic blocks, we should keep a wide range of possible implementations in mind (for example, TM, lock inference, or simply control over pre-emption). Similarly, when thinking about TM, we should recognize that it can be exposed to programmers through a wide range of abstractions and language constructs.

关键词： Algorithms languages Performance Transactional Memory STM Atomic Blocks

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Types and Higher-Order Recursion Schemes for Verification of Higher-Order Programs 09

Types and Higher-Order Recursion Schemes for Verification of...

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36th acm SIGPLAN-sigact symposium on principles of programming languages

作者： Kobayashi, Naoki Tohoku Univ Sendai Miyagi 980 Japan

ISBN: (纸本)9781605583792

We propose a new verification method for temporal properties of higher-order functional programs, which takes advantage of Ong's recent result on the decidability of the model-checking problem for higher-order recursion schemes (HORS's). A program is transformed to an HORS that generates a tree representing all the possible event sequences of the program, and then the HORS is model-checked. Unlike most of the previous methods for verification of higher-order programs, our verification method is sound and complete. Moreover, this new verification framework allows a smooth integration of abstract model checking techniques into verification of higher-order programs. We also present a type-based verification algorithm for HORS's. The algorithm can deal with only a fragment of the properties expressed by modal mu-calculus, but the algorithm and its correctness proof are (arguably) much simpler than those of Ong's game-semantics-based algorithm. Moreover, while the HORS model checking problem is n-EXPTIME in general, our algorithm is linear in the size of HORS, under the assumption that the sizes of types and specifications are bounded by a constant.

关键词： languages Verification

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A Calculus of Atomic Actions 09

A Calculus of Atomic Actions

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36th acm SIGPLAN-sigact symposium on principles of programming languages

作者： Elmas, Tayfun Qadeer, Shaz Tasiran, Serdar Koc Univ Istanbul Turkey Microsoft Res Redmond WA USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781605583792

We present a proof calculus and method for the static verification of assertions and procedure specifications in shared-memory concurrent programs. The key idea in our approach is to use atomicity as a proof tool and to simplify the verification of assertions by rewriting programs to consist of larger atomic actions. We propose a novel, iterative proof style in which alternating use of abstraction and reduction is exploited to compute larger atomic code blocks in a sound manner. This makes possible the verification of assertions in the transformed program by simple sequential reasoning within atomic blocks, or significantly simplified application of existing concurrent program verification techniques such as the Owicki-Gries or rely-guarantee methods. Our method facilitates a clean separation of concerns where at each phase of the proof, the user worries only about only either the sequential properties or the concurrency control mechanisms in the program. We implemented our method in a tool called QED. We demonstrate the simplicity and effectiveness of our approach on a number of benchmarks including ones with intricate concurrency protocols.

关键词： languages Theory Verification Concurrent Programs Atomicity Reduction Abstraction

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Unifying Type Checking and Property Checking for Low-Level Code 09

Unifying Type Checking and Property Checking for Low-Level C...

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36th acm SIGPLAN-sigact symposium on principles of programming languages

作者： Condit, Jeremy Hackett, Brian Lahiri, Shuvendu K. Qadeer, Shaz Stanford Univ Stanford CA 94305 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781605583792

We present a unified approach to type checking and property checking for low-level code. Type checking for low-level code is challenging because type safety often depends on complex, program-specific invariants that are difficult for traditional type checkers to express. Conversely, property checking for low-level code is challenging because it is difficult to write concise specifications that distinguish between locations in an untyped program's heap. We address both problems simultaneously by implementing a type checker for low-level code as part of our property checker. We present a low-level formalization of a C program's heap and its types that can be checked with an SMT solver, and we provide a decision procedure for checking type safety. Our type system is flexible enough to support a combination of nominal and structural subtyping for C, on a per-structure basis. We discuss several case studies that demonstrate the ability of this tool to express and check complex type invariants in low-level C code, including several small Windows device drivers.

关键词： languages Verification

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