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A logic for information flow in object-oriented programs 06

A logic for information flow in object-oriented programs

引用

33rd symposium on principles of programming languages

作者： Amtoft, T Bandhakavi, S Banerjee, A Kansas State Univ Dept Comp & Informat Sci Manhattan KS 66506 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781595930279

This paper specifies, via a Hoare-like logic, an interprocedural and flow sensitive (but termination insensitive) information flow analysis for object-oriented programs. Pointer aliasing is ubiquitous in such programs, and can. potentially leak confidential information. Thus the logic employs independence assertions to describe the noninterference property that formalizes confidentiality, and employs region assertions to describe possible aliasing. Programmer assertions, in the style of JML, are also allowed, thereby permitting a more fine-grained specification of information flow policy. The logic supports local reasoning about state in the style of separation logic. Small specifications are used;they mention only the variables and addresses relevant to a command. Specifications are combined using a frame rule. An algorithm for the computation of postconditions is described: under certain assumptions, there exists a strongest postcondition which the algorithm computes.

关键词： security languages theory verification aliasing information flow confidentiality

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Stratified type inference for generalized algebraic data types 06

Stratified type inference for generalized algebraic data typ...

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33rd symposium on principles of programming languages

作者： Pottier, F Régis-Gianas, Y INRIA

ISBN: (纸本)9781595930279

We offer a solution to the type inference problem for an extension of Hindley and Milner's type system with generalized algebraic data types. Our approach is in two strata. The bottom stratum is a core language that marries type inference in the style of Hindley and Milner with type checking for generalized algebraic data types. This results in an extremely simple specification, where case constructs must carry an explicit type annotation and type conversions must be made explicit. The top stratum consists of (two variants of) an independent shape inference algorithm. This algorithm accepts a source term that contains some explicit type information, propagates this information in a local, predictable way, and produces a new source term that carries more explicit type information. It can be viewed as a preprocessor that helps produce some of the type annotations required by the bottom stratum. It is proven sound in the sense that it never inserts annotations that could contradict the type derivation that the programmer has in mind.

关键词： languages theory

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Associating synchronization constraints with data in an object-oriented language 06

Associating synchronization constraints with data in an obje...

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33rd symposium on principles of programming languages

作者： Vaziri, M Tip, F Dolby, J IBM Corp Thomas J Watson Res Ctr Yorktown Hts NY 10598 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781595930279

Concurrency-related bugs may happen when multiple threads access shared data and interleave in ways that do not correspond to any sequential execution. Their absence is not guaranteed by the traditional notion of "data race" freedom. We present a new definition of data races in terms of 11 problematic interleaving scenarios, and prove that it is complete by showing that any execution not exhibiting these scenarios is serializable for a chosen set of locations. Our definition subsumes the traditional definition of a data race as well as high-level data races such as stale-value errors and inconsistent views. We also propose a language feature called atomic sets of locations, which lets programmers specify the existence of consistency properties between fields in objects, without specifying the properties themselves. We use static analysis to automatically infer those points in the code where synchronization is needed to avoid data races under our new definition. An important benefit of this approach is that, in general, far fewer annotations are required than is the case with existing approaches such as synchronized blocks or atomic sections. Our implementation successfully inferred the appropriate synchronization for a significant subset of Java's Standard Collections framework.

关键词： languages theory concurrent object-oriented programming data races serializability programming model

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Why dependent types matter 06

Why dependent types matter

引用

33rd acm SIGPLAN-sigact symposium on principles of programming languages, POPL'06

作者： McKinna, James University of St. Andrews United Kingdom School of Computer Science University of St. Andrews United Kingdom

ISBN: (纸本)1595930272

Language designers have in recent years proposed a wealth of richer type systems for programming which seek to extend the range of statically enforced guarantees on data and code. Most such proposals have been evolutionary extensions of ML or Haskell, offering programmers a balanced compromise between expressive strength and existing well-understood technology. Typically they revolve around type- or kind-indexed types such as GADTs, supported by limited equality reasoning at the type-checking level, thus separating the dynamic behaviour of programs from the (simpler) static behaviour of indexing information occurring in their types. I want to argue in this talk for a more radical departure from such practice by examining full spectrum type dependency, lifting such restrictions on the data upon which types may depend. Conor McBride and I designed the language EPIGRAM for experiments in programming with inductive families of data (of which GADTs are a special case). Using it for illustration, I will explore some of the possibilities and challenges afforded by full spectrum type dependency at the static and dynamic level: types directly support modelling complex invariants in terms of other data (rather than their types), with a Curry-Howard flavour of data-as-evidence;such complexity is on a 'pay-as-you-go' basis, while keeping type annotations and other syntactic overheads to a minimum;data decomposition steps, e.g. case analysis, furnish more informative interactions between types and values during typechecking;such steps may moreover be abstractly specified by their types, and thus user definable;this supports a style of programming embracing 'learning by testing', views, and Burstall's 'hand simulation plus a little induction';the absence of a rigid phase distinction need not lead to type-passing or excessive run-time overhead;effectful computation, in particular partiality, can be incorporated via variations on existing ideas such as monads. This talk is based on

关键词： Computer programming languages

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Adventures in time and space 06

Adventures in time and space

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33rd acm SIGPLAN-sigact symposium on principles of programming languages, POPL'06

作者： Danner, Norman Royer, James S. Dept. of Mathematics and Computer Science Wesleyan University Middletown CN United States EECS Dept. Syracuse University Syracuse NY United States

ISBN: (纸本)1595930272

This paper investigates what is essentially a call-by-value version of PCF under a complexity-theoretically motivated type system. The programming formalism, ATR1, has its first-order programs characterize the poly-time computable functions, and its second-order programs characterize the type-2 basic feasible functionals of Mehlhorn and of Cook and Urquhart. (The ATR1-types are confined to levels 0, 1, and 2.) The type system comes in two parts, one that primarily restricts the sizes of values of expressions and a second that primarily restricts the time required to evaluate expressions. The size-restricted part is motivated by Bellantoni and Cook's and Leivant's implicit characterizations of poly-time. The time-restricting part is an affine version of Barber and Plotkin's DELL. Two semantics are constructed for ATR1. The first is a pruning of the naïve denotational semantics for ATR1. This pruning removes certain functions that cause otherwise feasible forms of recursion to go wrong. The second semantics is a model for ATR1 's time complexity relative to a certain abstract machine. This model provides a setting for complexity recurrences arising from ATR1 recursions, the solutions of which yield second-order polynomial time bounds. The time-complexity semantics is also shown to be sound relative to the costs of interpretation on the abstract machine. Copyright © 2006 acm.

关键词： Computer programming

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Certified assembly programming with embedded code pointers 06

Certified assembly programming with embedded code pointers

引用

33rd symposium on principles of programming languages

作者： Ni, ZZ Shao, Z Yale Univ Dept Comp Sci New Haven CT 06520 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781595930279

Embedded code pointers (ECPs) are stored handles of functions and continuations commonly seen in low-level binaries as well as functional or higher-order programs. ECPs are known to be very hard to support well in Hoare-logic style verification systems. As a result, existing proof-carrying code (PCC) systems have to either sacrifice the expressiveness or the modularity of program specifications, or resort to construction of complex semantic models. In Reynolds's LICS'02 paper, supporting ECPs is listed as one of the main open problems for separation logic. In this paper we present a simple and general technique for solving the ECP problem for Hoare-logic-based PCC systems. By adding a small amount of syntax to the assertion language, we show how to combine semantic consequence relation with syntactic proof techniques. The result is a new powerful framework that can perform modular reasoning on ECPs while still retaining the expressiveness of Hoare logic. We show how to use our techniques to support polymorphism, closures, and other language extensions and how to solve the ECP problem for separation logic. Our system is fully mechanized. We give its complete soundness proof and a full verification of Reynolds's CPS-style "list-append" example in the Coq proof assistant.

关键词： languages verification Hoare logic proof-cartying code embedded code pointers higher-order functions

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The essence of command injection attacks in web applications 06

The essence of command injection attacks in web applications

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33rd symposium on principles of programming languages

作者： Su, ZD Wassermann, G Univ Calif Davis Davis CA 95616 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781595930279

Web applications typically interact with a back-end database to retrieve persistent data and then present the data to the user as dynamically generated output, such as HTML web pages. However, this interaction is commonly done through a low-level API by dynamically constructing query strings within a general-purpose programming language, such as Java. This low-level interaction is ad hoc because it does not take into account the structure of the output language. Accordingly, user inputs are treated as isolated lexical entities which, if not properly sanitized, can cause the web application to generate unintended output. This is called a command injection attack, which poses a serious threat to web application security. This paper presents the first formal definition of command injection attacks in the context of web applications, and gives a sound and complete algorithm for preventing them based on context-free grammars and compiler parsing techniques. Our key observation is that, for an attack to succeed, the input that gets propagated into the database query or the output document must change the intended syntactic structure of the query or document. Our definition and algorithm are general and apply to many forms of command injection attacks. We validate our approach with SQLCHECK, an implementation for the setting of SQL command injection attacks. We evaluated SQLCHECK on real-world web applications with systematically compiled real-world attack data as input. SQLCHECK produced no false positives or false negatives, incurred low runtime overhead, and applied straightforwardly to web applications written in different languages.

关键词： algorithms experimentation languages reliability security verification command injection attacks web applications grammars parsing runtime verification

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On flow-sensitive security types 06

On flow-sensitive security types

引用

33rd symposium on principles of programming languages

作者： Hunt, S Sands, D City Univ London Sch Informat Dept Comp London EC1V 0HB England Chalmers Univ Technol Dept Comp Sci & Engn Gothenburg Sweden

ISBN: (纸本)9781595930279

This article investigates formal properties of a family of semantically sound flow-sensitive type systems for tracking information flow in simple While programs. The family is indexed by the choice of flow lattice. By choosing the flow lattice to be the powerset of program variables, we obtain a system which, in a very strong sense, subsumes all other systems in the family (in particular, for each program, it provides a principal typing from which all others may be inferred). This distinguished system is shown to be equivalent to, though more simply described than, Amtoft and Banerjee's Hoare-style independence logic (SAS'04). In general, some lattices are more expressive than others. Despite this, we show that no type system in the family can give better results for a given choice of lattice than the type system for that lattice itself. Finally, for any program typeable in one of these systems, we show how to construct an equivalent program which is typeable in a simple flow-insensitive system. We argue that this general approach could be useful in a proof-carrying-code setting.

关键词： languages security theory flow-sensitivity information flow non-interference static analysis type systems

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Conference Record of the Annual acm symposium on principles of programming languages: Foreword

Conference Record of the Annual ACM Symposium on Principles ...

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Conference Record of the Annual acm symposium on principles of programming languages 2006年 iii页

作者： Jones, Simon Peyton Microsoft Research United Kingdom

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A hierarchical model of data locality 06

A hierarchical model of data locality

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33rd symposium on principles of programming languages

作者： Zhang, CL Ding, C Ogihara, M Zhong, YT Wu, YF Univ Rochester Dept Comp Sci Rochester NY 14627 USA George Mason Univ Dept Comp Sci Fairfax VA 22030 USA Intel Labs Programming Sys Res Lab Santa Clara CA 95052 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781595930279

In POPL 2002, Petrank and Rawitz showed a universal result-finding optimal data placement is not only NP-hard but also impossible to approximate within a constant factor if P not equal NP. Here we study a recently published concept called reference affinity, which characterizes a group of data that are always accessed together in computation. On the theoretical side, we give the complexity for finding reference affinity in program traces, using a novel reduction that converts the notion of distance into satisfiability. We also prove that reference affinity automatically captures the hierarchical locality in divide-and-conquer computations including matrix solvers and N-body simulation. The proof establishes formal links between computation patterns in time and locality relations in space. On the practical side, we show that efficient heuristics exist. In particular, we present a sampling method and show that it is more effective than the previously published technique, especially for data that are often but not always accessed together. We show the effect on generated and real traces. These theoretical and empirical results demonstrate that effective data placement is still attainable in general-purpose programs because common (albeit not all) locality patterns can be precisely modeled and efficiently analyzed.

关键词： theory algorithms performance hierarchical data placement program locality reference affinity volume distance NP-complete N-body simulation

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