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CORDIC processor architectures

CORDIC processor architectures

引用

advanced signal processing algorithms, architectures, and implementations II

作者： Boehme, Johann F. Timmermann, D. Hahn, H. Hosticka, Bedrich J. Ruhr Univ. Bochum Bochum Federal Republic of Germany

ISBN: (纸本)0819406945

As CORDIC algorithms receive more and more attention in elementary function evaluation and signal processing applications, the problem of their VLSI realization has attracted considerable interest. In this work we review the CORDIC fundamentals covering algorithm, architecture, and implementation issues. Various aspects of the CORDIC algorithm are investigated such as efficient scale factor compensation, redundant and non-redundant addition schemes, and convergence domain. Several CORDIC processor architectures and implementation examples are discussed.

关键词： signal processing

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Non-linear signal processing using index calculus DBNS arithmetic

Non-linear signal processing using index calculus DBNS arith...

引用

Conference on advanced signal processing algorithms, architectures, and implementations X

作者： Muscedere, R Jullien, GA Dimitrov, VS Miller, WC Univ Windsor VLSI Res Grp Windsor ON N9B 3P4 Canada

ISBN: (纸本)0819437611

This paper discusses the use of a recently introduced index calculus Double-Base Number System (IDBNS) for representing and processing numbers for non-linear digital signal processing;the target application is a digital hearing aid processor. The IDBNS representation uses 2 orthogonal bases (2 and 3) to represent real numbers with arbitrary precision. By restricting the number of digits to one or two, it is possible to efficiently represent the real number using the indices of the bases rather than the distribution of the digits. In this paper we discuss the use of the two-digit form of this representation (2-IDBNS) to efficiently perform arithmetic associated with the non-linear processing required to correct the usual forms of hearing loss in a digital hearing aid. The non-linear processing takes the form of dynamic range compression as a function of frequency band. Currently developed digital hearing instrument processors require large dynamic range representations (20-24 bits) in order to accurately generate the dynamic range compression associated with typical hearing loss. We show that the natural non-linear representation afforded by the IDBNS provides both a more efficient signal representation and a more efficient technique for processing the dynamic range compression. We pay particular attention to a novel technique of converting from a linear binary input directly to the 2-IDBNS representation using an observation of partial cyclic repetition in the indices along with near unity approximants.

关键词： computer arithmetic non-linear number representation double-base number system hearing loss

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Design of a hybrid prefix adder for non-uniform input arrival times

Design of a hybrid prefix adder for non-uniform input arriva...

引用

Conference on advanced signal processing algorithms, architectures and implementations XII

作者： Choi, Y Swartzlander, EE Univ Texas Elect & Comp Engn Dept Austin TX 78712 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819445584

This paper examines the design of a hybrid prefix adder under the condition of non-uniform input signal arrival. This is encountered in the final adder for fast parallel multipliers, which use column compression reduction. The prefix graph scheme efficiently accommodates the non-uniform arrival times. Rules are presented for designing hybrid prefix adders under such conditions. This rule produces adders which are faster and less complex than previous work.

关键词： prefix adder non-uniform input signal arrival parallel multipliers

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Color characterization for image indexing and machine vision

Color characterization for image indexing and machine vision

引用

Conference on advanced signal processing algorithms, architectures, and implementations X

作者： Lin, SM Nair, D Natl Instruments Austin TX 78759 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819437611

Color representation and comparison based on the histogram has proved to be very efficient for image indexing in content-based image retrieval and machine vision applications. However, the issues of color constancy and accurate color similarity measures remain unsolved. This paper presents a new algorithm for intensity-insensitive color characterization for image retrieval and machine vision applications. The color characterization algorithm divides the HSI (hue, saturation and intensity) color space into a given number of bins in such a way that the color characterization represents all the colors in the hue/saturation plane as well as black, white and gray colors. The color distribution in these bins of the HSI space is represented in the form of a one-dimensional vector called Color Spectrum Vector (CSV). The color information that is stored in the CSV is insensitive to changes in the luminance. A weighted version of CSV called WCSV is introduced to take the similarity of the neighboring bins into account A Fuzzy Color Spectrum Vector (FCSV) color representation vector that takes into account the human uncertainty in color classification process is also introduced here. The accuracy and speed of the algorithm is demonstrated in this paper through a series of experiments on image indexing and machine vision applications.

关键词： color comparison pattern matching clustering algorithm fuzzy set theory image indexing machine vision image processing

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On the regularized solution of block banded block Toeplitz systems

On the regularized solution of block banded block Toeplitz s...

引用

Conference on advanced signal processing algorithms, architectures, and implementations X

作者： Bini, DA Farusi, A Fiorentino, G Meini, B Dipartimento Matemat I-56127 Pisa Italy

ISBN: (纸本)0819437611

Given two n. x n Toeplitz matrices T-1 and T-2, and a vector b epsilon R-n2, consider the linear system Ax = b - eta, where eta epsilon R-n2 is an unknown vector representing the noise and A = T-1 x T-2. Recovering approximations of a, given A and b, is encountered in image restoration problems. We propose a method for the approximation of the solution a: that has good regularization properties. The algorithm is based on a modified version of Newton's iteration for matrix inversion and relies on the concept of approximate displacement rank. We provide a formal description of the regularization properties of Newton's iteration in terms of filters and determine bounds to the number of iterations that guarantee regularization. The method is extended to deal with more general systems where A = Sigma (h)(i=1) T-1((i)) x T-2((i)). The cost of computing regularized inverses is O(n log n) operations (ops), the cost of solving the system Ax = b is O(n(2) log n) ops. Numerical experiments which show the effectiveness of our algorithm are presented.

关键词： Band Toeplitz systems Newton's iteration regularization displacement rank image processing

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New signal adaptive approach for the reduction of interference terms in quadratic time-frequency distributions

New signal adaptive approach for the reduction of interferen...

引用

SPIE Conference on advanced signal processing algorithms, architectures, and implementations VIII

作者： Nickel, RM Williams, WJ Univ Michigan Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819429163

One of the key problems in high resolution (quadratic), time-varying spectral analysis is the suppression of interference terms which can obscure the true location of auto components in the resulting time-frequency distribution (TFD). Commonly used reduced interference distributions (RIDs) tackle the problem with a properly chosen two-dimensional low pass filter (kernel). A recently published(8) novel approach uses alternative means to achieve the desired goal. The idea of the new method is to obtain an estimate of the cross terms from a given prior distribution based on the magnitude and location of its negative components. The estimate is constructed via an iterative projection method that guarantees that the resulting distribution is positive and satisfies the marginals. Even though the marginals are usually a desirable property of TFDs in general, they can impose an undesirably strong constraint on positive TFDs in particular (Examples are given in this paper). For these cases it is thus beneficial to relax the marginals-constraint. In this paper we present a new method that does not require the incorporation of this constraint and thus leads to positive TFDs with reduced interference terms but without the restrictions due to the marginals.

关键词： positive time-frequency distributions cross-terms successive projections penalty functions

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Element accessed array radar processing

Element accessed array radar processing

引用

SPIE Conference on advanced signal processing algorithms, architectures, and implementations VIII

作者： Wills, GD Rees, HD Skidmore, ID Def Evaluat & Res Agcy Malvern WR14 3PS Worcs England

ISBN: (纸本)0819429163

Digitising the signals from a phased array at the element level is becoming more practicable through advances in technology. Adaptive beamforming schemes such as a sample matrix inversion involve inverting a covariance matrix of dimension equal to the number of spatial channels. Since with an element digitised system there can be several thousand elements it becomes impractical to invert such large matrices. This paper presents a weight computation scheme for a fully digitised system. The clutter returns are firstly range gated and then the adaptive process is broken down into a smaller cascade of stages, or domains. Attenuation of the clutter is then achieved using a spatial Wiener filter in each domain. From a simulation of an airborne radar at a high pulse repetition frequency, examples are given of adapted beampatterns and clutter output doppler spectra within each domain. By choosing alias free domains, a clutter-free output is obtained for the sidelobe clutter scenario investigated. A comparison is then given with the performance of a 32 sub-array system. The sub-array system does not have the necessary control of the small scale order of the array weights to spatially null the clutter.

关键词： element level digitisation radar clutter subarrays

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A DSP implementation of source location using microphone arrays 6

A DSP implementation of source location using microphone arr...

引用

Conference on advanced signal processing algorithms, architectures, and implementations VI

作者： Rabinkin, DV Renomeron, RJ Dahl, A French, JC Flanagan, JL Bianchi, MH RUTGERS STATE UNIV CTR COMP AIDS IND PRODPISCATAWAYNJ 08855

ISBN: (纸本)0819422347

The design, implementation, and performance of a low-cost, real-time DSP system for source location is discussed. The system consists of an 8-element electret microphone array connected to a signalogic DSP daughterboard hosted by a PC. The system determines the location of a speaker in the audience in an irregularly shaped auditorium. The auditorium presents a non-ideal acoustical environment;some of the walls are acoustically treated, but there still exists significant reverberation and a large amount of low frequency noise from fans in the ceiling. The source location algorithm is implemented in a two step process: The first step determines time delay of arrival (TDOA) for select microphone pairs. A modified version of the Cross-Power Spectrum Phase Method is used to compute TDOAs and is implemented on the DSP daughterboard. The second step uses the computed TDOAs in a least mean squares gradient descent search algorithm implemented on the PC to compute a location estimate. © 1996 SPIE. All rights reserved.

关键词： microphone arrays speech source location real-time processing

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Regularization of ill-posed problems using (symmetric) Cauchy-like preconditioners

Regularization of ill-posed problems using (symmetric) Cauch...

引用

SPIE Conference on advanced signal processing algorithms, architectures, and implementations VIII

作者： Kilmer, ME Northeastern Univ Dept Elect & Comp Engn Boston MA 02115 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819429163

In certain applications, the discretization of two-dimensional integral equations can lead to systems involving matrices with block Toeplitz-Toeplitz block structure. Iterative Krylov subspace methods are sometimes employed to find regularized solutions to the related 2D discrete ill-posed problems;however, preconditioners which filter noise are needed to speed convergence to regularized solutions. We describe a preconditioning technique based on the Toeplitz-type structure of the matrix which generalizes the approaches in [1] and [2] to take advantage of symmetry and real arithmetic operations. We use fast sine transforms to transform the original system to a system whose matrix has partially reconstructible Cauchy-like blocks. The preconditioner is a block diagonal, rank m approximation to this matrix, with Cauchy-like blocks each augmented by an identity of appropriate dimension. We note that the initialization cost is in general less than that for the similar 2D preconditioner in [2] which does not take advantage of symmetry. Several examples are given which illustrate the success of our preconditioned methods.

关键词： regularization Toeplitz Cauchy-like minimal residual image processing deblurring

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APPLICATIONS OF TIME-FREQUENCY AND TIME-SCALE TRANSFORMS TO ULTRA-WIDE-BAND RADAR TRANSIENT signal-DETECTION 4

APPLICATIONS OF TIME-FREQUENCY AND TIME-SCALE TRANSFORMS TO ...

引用

4TH CONF ON advanced signal processing algorithms, architectures, AND implementations

作者： FARGUES, MP BROOKS, WA Naval Postgraduate School (United States)

ISBN: (纸本)0819412767

In this paper we use a non-stationary approach and analyze ultra-wideband (UWB) radar data using time-frequency and time-scale transformations. The time-frequency transformations considered are the Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT), the Wigner-Ville Distribution (WD), the Instantaneous Power Spectrum (IPS), and the ZAM transform. Two discrete implementations of the Wavelet Transform (DWT) are also investigated: the decimated A- trous algorithm proposed by Holschneider et al, which uses non-orthogonal wavelets; and the Mallat algorithm, which employs orthogonal wavelets. The transients under study are UWB radar returns from a boat (with and without corner reflector) in the presence of sea clutter, multipath, and radio frequency interferences (RFI). Results show that all time-frequency and time-scale transforms clearly detect the transient radar returns corresponding to the boat with a corner reflector. However, as the radar cross section of the target decreases (boat without a corner reflector), results change drastically as the RFI component dominates the signal. Simulations show that the Instantaneous Power Spectrum may be better adapted for localizing the transient among the time-frequency techniques studied. The decimated A-trous algorithm has the best time resolution of the techniques studied as the return appears better localized in the scalogram.

关键词： Time-frequency analysis Transform theory Radar Wavelets Reflectors Electromagnetic coupling UWB radar Discrete wavelet transforms Digital filtering signal detection

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