advances in the development of free-electron lasers offer the realistic prospect of nanoscale imaging on the timescale of atomic motions. We identify X-ray Fourier-transform holography(1,2,3) as a promising but, so fa...
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advances in the development of free-electron lasers offer the realistic prospect of nanoscale imaging on the timescale of atomic motions. We identify X-ray Fourier-transform holography(1,2,3) as a promising but, so far, inefficient scheme to do this. We show that a uniformly redundant array(4) placed next to the sample, multiplies the efficiency of X-ray Fourier transform holography by more than three orders of magnitude, approaching that of a perfect lens, and provides holographic images with both amplitude-and phase-contrast information. The experiments reported here demonstrate this concept by imaging a nano-fabricated object at a synchrotron source, and a bacterial cell with a soft-X-ray free-electron laser, where illumination by a single 15-fs pulse was successfully used in producing the holographic image. As X-ray lasers move to shorter wavelengths we expect to obtain higher spatial resolution ultrafast movies of transient states of matter.
As a light wave-guide component for transmitting ultraviolet (UV) laser pulses, pure silica core UV fibre probes have attracted a great deal of attention in the near-field opticaldatastorage and bio-medical studie...
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As a light wave-guide component for transmitting ultraviolet (UV) laser pulses, pure silica core UV fibre probes have attracted a great deal of attention in the near-field opticaldatastorage and bio-medical studies. We fabricate UV fibre probes with tips in dimension of about 2-5μm and taper angle 16° by the tube etching method, using 40% HF acid as etching solution and xylene as overlayer. Probes produced have curvy configuration with smooth surface. The yield of fine probes is rather high and etching operation greatly simplified. With higher damage threshold, pure silica core multimode UV fibre probes can be coupled into more laser power. In addition, using UV light reduces the cutoff wavelength of the fibre probes, which is in favour of increasing the transmission efficiency of the probe. Furthermore, the larger tip dimension helps to enhance the light throughput either. The advances of fabrication technique of UV optical fibre probe may further support the studies of UV light datastorage, pulsed laser biosurgery and UV photolithography.
optical coherence tomography enables micrometre-scale, subsurface imaging of biological tissue by measuring the magnitude and echo time delay of backscattered light. Endoscopic optical coherence tomography imaging ins...
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optical coherence tomography enables micrometre-scale, subsurface imaging of biological tissue by measuring the magnitude and echo time delay of backscattered light. Endoscopic optical coherence tomography imaging inside the body can be performed using fibre-optic probes. To perform three-dimensional optical coherence tomography endomicroscopy with ultrahigh volumetric resolution, however, requires extremely high imaging speeds. Here we report advances in optical coherence tomography technology using a Fourier-domain mode-locked frequency-swept laser as the light source. The laser, with a 160-nm tuning range at a wavelength of 1,315 nm, can produce images with axial resolutions of 5-7 mm. In vivo three-dimensional optical coherence tomography endomicroscopy is demonstrated at speeds of 100,000 axial lines per second and 50 frames per second. This enables virtual manipulation of tissue geometry, speckle reduction, synthesis of en face views similar to endoscopic images, generation of cross-sectional images with arbitrary orientation, and quantitative measurements of morphology. This technology can be scaled to even higher speeds and will open up three- dimensional optical-coherence-tomography endomicroscopy to a wide range of medical applications.
Pulse-shaping techniques, in which user-specified, ultrashort-pulse fields are synthesized by means of parallel manipulation of optical Fourier components, have now been widely adopted(1-6). Mode-locked lasers produci...
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Pulse-shaping techniques, in which user-specified, ultrashort-pulse fields are synthesized by means of parallel manipulation of optical Fourier components, have now been widely adopted(1-6). Mode-locked lasers producing combs of frequency-stabilized spectral lines have resulted in revolutionary advances in frequency metrology(7-11). However, until recently, pulse shapers addressed spectral lines in groups, at low spectral resolution. Line-by-line pulse shaping(12), in which spectral lines are resolved and manipulated individually, leads to a fundamentally new regime for optical arbitrary waveform generation(13), in which the advantages of pulse shaping and of frequency combs are exploited simultaneously. Here we demonstrate programmable line-by-line shaping of more than 100 spectral lines, which constitutes a significant step in scaling towards high waveform complexity. optical arbitrary waveform generation promises to have an impact both in optical science ( allowing, for example, coherent control generalizations of comb-based time - frequency spectroscopies(10)) and in technology (enabling new truly coherent multiwavelength processing concepts for spread-spectrum lightwave communications and light detection and ranging, lidar).
In our information-rich world, it is becoming increasingly important to develop technologies capable of displaying dynamic and changeable data, for reasons ranging from valuea-dded advertising to environmental sustain...
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In our information-rich world, it is becoming increasingly important to develop technologies capable of displaying dynamic and changeable data, for reasons ranging from valuea-dded advertising to environmental sustainability. There is an intense drive at the moment towards paper-like displays, devices having a high reflectivity and contrast to provide viewability in a variety of environments, particularly in sunlight where emissive or backlit devices perform very poorly. The list of possible technologies is extensive, including electrophoretic, cholesteric liquid crystalline, electrochromic, electrodewetting, interferometric and more. Despite tremendous advances, the key drawback of all these existing display options relates to colour. As soon as an RGB ( red, green and blue) colour filter or spatially modulated colour scheme is implemented, substantial light losses are inevitable even if the intrinsic reflectivity of the material is very good.
Magnetic Micro Electro-mechanical Systems (Magnetic MEMS) provide transducer capabilities ranging from thin-film storage devices and micro sensors to micro actuator solutions. This paper provides an overview over magn...
Magnetic Micro Electro-mechanical Systems (Magnetic MEMS) provide transducer capabilities ranging from thin-film storage devices and micro sensors to micro actuator solutions. This paper provides an overview over magnetic thin-film devices developed at the Institute for Microtechnology at the Leibniz Universitaet Hannover`s Center for Production technology (PZH) in Garbsen, Germany. In the area of datastorage, it presents a microcoil for opticaldatastorage. In the field of micro sensors it shows two inductive length measurement systems, an eddy current proximity sensor and a micro strain gauge for force measurements. Micro actuators built as linear positioners and as tilting platforms, as well as a new actuator principle based on the magnetic shape memory (MSM) effect conclude the paper.
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