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Automatic Object Recognition 1991

作者： Tatum, Frank Texas Instruments Image Processing Laboratory 11550 Hillguard M/S 3603 DallasTX75243 United States

Significant advances in the field of signal and image processing have resulted in the development of a «Tech Base» of Automatic Target Recognition (ATR) technology which has reached a maturity level sufficient for its insertion into Military Weapon systems. The 1988 Defense Science Board Task Force on Image Recognition reached this conclusion' and AIR Technblogy ranks high on the list of Military Critical technologies in a recent report submitted to the U.S. Congress. The developed ATR Tech Base can be divided into the three significant parts of sensor, algorithm and processor technology. Sensors are tasked with extracting information from the scene of interest. algorithms are required to process the extracted information into a useable format. Processors are necessary to implement the algorithms into real world systems. The advent of Model Based Approaches to algorithm design have been instrumental in maturing the ATR algorithm tech base to a level which today supports the insertion of AIR technology into future Military Weapon systems. The Military services have identified a number of Missions requiring the use of Some missions can be supported with today's AIR Tech Base but many are exceedingly difficult and will require substantial advances to be made before the missions can be accomplished. In the ATR Tech Base, the area requiring the most growth is algorithm technology. To support the required growth in algorithm technology, processors must be programmable to enable rapid insertion of algorithm advances as they occur. This paper will overview selected Military missions and the ATR algorithms requirements which must be met to accomplish those missions. The use of Model Based algorithms to accomplish the Fixed High Value Target mission will be used as an example of the application of Model Based algorithms. © 2017 SPIE.

关键词： Image recognition

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CONTEXTUAL IMAGE UNDERSTANDING OF AIRPORT PHOTOGRAPHS

CONTEXTUAL IMAGE UNDERSTANDING OF AIRPORT PHOTOGRAPHS

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CONF ON IMAGE UNDERSTANDING FOR AEROSPACE APPLICATIONS

作者： NASR, H Honeywell Systems and Research Ctr. (United States)

ISBN: (纸本)081940649X

While performing the photo interpretation task using very high resolution images, the resolution of the image is often reduced to make its processing feasible. However, in low resolution images, it becomes quite difficult to segment and locate targets of interest such as aircraft, which are relatively small. Further, in recognizing aircraft, it is generally assumed that aircraft are already located. The emphasis is placed on model matching for recognizing isolated aircraft. However, locating potential areas in the images, where aircraft may be found, is non-trivial since it requires an accurate labeling of an image. We have developed a Knowledge-Based Photo Interpretation (KBPI) system that analyzes high resolution images. This system locates aircraft by first finding large structures in low resolution images and focusing attention on areas such as tarmacs, runways, parking areas, that have high probability of containing aircraft. Higher resolution images of the regions that are the focus of attention are used in subsequent analysis. The system makes extensive use of contextual knowledge such as spatial and locational information about airport scenes. We show results using high resolution TV data.

关键词： Image resolution Image segmentation Image processing Image understanding Aerospace engineering Image analysis Photography Feature extraction Image storage Image processing algorithms and systems

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The relationship of Image Algebra to the optical processing of signals and imagery

The relationship of Image Algebra to the optical processing ...

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optical Technology for Signal processing systems 1991

作者： Schmalz, Mark S. Wilson, Joseph N. Department of Computer and Information Science University of Florida GainesvilleFL32611 United States

A method is proposed for the optical implementation of Image Algebra (IA) which would map the graph of a transformed IA expression directly to an optical architecture. The IA is a concise, mathematically rigorous notation which unifies linear and nonlinear mathematics in the image domain. Due to its clarity and inherent parallelism, the IA has been successfully employed in the specification of image- and signal-processing algorithms for parallel computers such as the EMM Cyto-SS, Honeywell Prep, and Thinking Machines' Connection Machine (CM-1 and CM-2). In this study, we consider the utility of IA as a descriptor of optical processing, as well as the optical implementation of image-algebraic operations over a finite subset of the Euclidean plane. For real-valued imagery, many IA operations can be realized via magnitude-only computation. Thus, incoherent illumination could be employed. Algorithmic examples are derived from the signal- and image-processing literature, as well as from set and graph theory, and include insertion sorting, cellular automata, morphological image operations, and morphological neural nets. Complexity analyses and implementational issues are discussed in terms of functional properties of the IA operator set, subject to optical propagation constraints. © 1991 SPIE. All rights reserved.

关键词： Graph theory

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A NEW CYLINDRICAL SPECT ANGER CAMERA WITH A DECENTRALIZED TRANSPUTER BASED DATA ACQUISITION-SYSTEM

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE 1991年第2期38卷 654-658页

作者： LARSSON, SA BOHM, C CARNEBRINK, T HOVANDER, B LARSSON, P BERGQviST, M ERIKSSON, L ISRAELSSON, A WIDEN, L UNIV STOCKHOLM DEPT PHYSS-10691 STOCKHOLMSWEDEN

The camera will consist of a 18 cm long and 30 cm diam. cylindrical ring scintillator of Na(Tl)I surrounded by 5 layers of 21 optically coupled photomultipliers (PMT). A position encoding algorithm has been developed, which only utilizes information form PMTs close to the event. The local positioning algorithm permits partitioning of the data acquisition system into 105 loosely coupled local acquisition units, one for each PMT. The units uses a transputer and a programmable gate array for control and logic. The system uses a three level analog/digital/software trigger system. The first two are local. One triggers at a given total energy level, while the other triggers if the event is deemed likely to have originated from within the local units own territory. A third level, contains more complex tests to remove multiple recording of events. Utilizing high speed transputers as processing elements, the system will resolve multiple events, allow high count rates and on-line corrections.

关键词： Cameras Partitioning algorithms Programmable logic arrays High speed optical techniques optical coupling Photomultipliers Encoding Data acquisition Programmable control Software systems

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PARALLEL PATH PLANNING IN UNKNOWN TERRAINS

PARALLEL PATH PLANNING IN UNKNOWN TERRAINS

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CONF ON MOBILE ROBOTS 5

作者： PRASSLER, E MILIOS, E Research Institute for Applied Knowledge Processing (Germany) Univ. of Toronto (Canada)

ISBN: (纸本)0819404551

We present a parallel processing approach to path planning in unknown terrains which combines map-based and sensor-based techniques into a real-time capable navigation system. The method is based on massively parallel computations in a grid of simple processing elements denoted as cells. In the course of a relaxation process a potential distribution is created in the grid which exhibits a monotonous slope from a start cell to the cell corresponding to the robot''s goal position. A shortest path is determined by means of a gradient descent criterion which settles on the steepest descent in the potential distribution. Like high-level path planning algorithms our approach is capable of planning shortest paths through an arbitrarily cluttered large-scale terrain on the basis of its current internal map. Sequentially implemented its complexity is in the order of efficient classical path planning algorithms. Unlike these algorithms however the method is also highly responsive to new obstacles encountered in the terrain. By continuing the planning process during the robot''s locomotion information about previously unknown obstacles immediately affects further path planning without a need to interrupt the ongoing planning process. New obstacles cause distortions of the potential distribution which let the robot find proper detours. By ensuring a monotonous slope in the overall distribution we avoid local minimum effects which may trap a robot in the proximity of an obstacle configuration before it has reached its goal. 1 Until the recent past research on path planning in the presence of obstacles can be assigned to two major categories: map-based high-level planning approaches and sensor-based low-level conLrol approaches. In work such as 12 path planning is treated as a high-level planning task. Assuming that an (accnrae) precompiled map of the terrain is available high-level path planners provide paths which guarantee a collision-free locomotion through an arbitrary ense

关键词： Navigation systems Sensors Parallel processing

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On the implementation of RBF technique in neural networks 91

On the implementation of RBF technique in neural networks

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1991 Conference on Analysis of Neural Network Applications, ANNA 1991

作者： Musavi, M.T. Paris, K.B. Chan, K.H. Alimed, W. Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Maine OronoME04469 United States Brown University ProvidenceRI United States Electro-Optical Information Systems Santa MonicaCA United States

ISBN: (纸本)0897914325

An approach for the implementation of the Radial Basis Function (RBF) technique is presented and applied to a networlf of the appropriate architecture. The paper explores the extent to which the number of RBF nodes can be reduced without significantly affecting the overall training error. This is accomplished through an effective clustering algorithm that shall be described in detail. Emphasis is also placed on the problems faced by a technique that has been proved superior to the more traditional training algorithms, particularly in terms of processing speed and solvability of nonlinear patterns. Solutions are consequently proposed in view of making RBF a more efficient method for interpolation and classification purposes. © 1991 ACM.

关键词： Clustering algorithms

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FAST PIECEWISE CONSTANT APPROXIMATION OF IMAGES

FAST PIECEWISE CONSTANT APPROXIMATION OF IMAGES

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CONF ON viSUAL COMMUNICATIONS AND IMAGE processing : viSUAL COMMUNICATIONS

作者： RADHA, H VETTERLI, M LEONARDI, R AT&T Bell Labs. and Columbia Univ. (United States) Columbia Univ. (Switzerland) AT&T Bell Labs. (Italy)

ISBN: (纸本)0819407429

In this work, we present a Least-Square-Error (LSE), recursive method for generating piecewise -con stant approximations of images. The method is developed using an optimization approach to minimize a cost function. The cost function, proposed here, is based on segmenting the image, recursively, using Binary Space Partitionings (BSPs) of the image domain. We derive a LSE necessary condition for the optimum piece wise-constant approximation, and use this condition to develop an algorithm for generating the LSE, BSP-based approximation. The proposed algorithm provides a significant reduction in the computational expense when compared with a brute force method. As shown in the paper, the LSE algorithm generates efficient segmentations of simple as well as complex images. This shows the potential of the LSE approximation approach for image coding applications. Moreover, the BSP-based segmentation provides a very simple (yet flexible) description of the regions resulting from the partitioning. This makes the proposed approximation method useful for performing image affine transformations (e.g., rotation and scaling) which are common in computer graphics applications.

关键词： Image segmentation visual communications Image compression Image processing algorithms and systems Algorithm development Image processing Neodymium Silicon information operations Tellurium

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Algorithm development and evaluation on the multi-function target acquisition processor

Algorithm development and evaluation on the multi-function t...

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Automatic Object Recognition 1991

作者： Haskett, Michael C. Lidke, Steve Center for Night Vision and Electro-Optics AMSEL-RD-NV-ISP BelvoirVI22060 United States Alliant Techsystems Research and Technology Center 600 2nd Street Northeast HopkinsMI55343 United States

The Alliant Techsystems Multi-function Target Acquisition Processor (MTAP) was developed under the direction of the U.S. Army's CECOM Center for Night vision and Electro-Optics. MTAP is a hardware and software system that can efficiently host a wide range of image and signal processing algorithms that run in real-time. The MTAP processor is based on a configurable and extensible architecture which makes use of commercial hardware, a High Order Language, and a user-friendly interface resulting in an efficient development system. Algorithm evaluation is aided by the Automated-Instrumentation (Auto-I) system, access to intermediate images, and access to decision history information. The Auto-I system is tightly coupled to MTAP providing experiment control, performance evaluation, and algorithm analysis capabilities. Access to over 40 intermediate image streams and the full decision history during an experiment allows detailed analysis of the algorithms. The tight integration of the development and evaluation environments allow for rapid development of real-time Automatic Target Recognition (ATR) algorithms on the MTAP system. © 2017 SPIE.

关键词： Automatic target recognition

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LIDAR WINDSHEAR DETECTION FOR COMMERCIAL AIRCRAFT

LIDAR WINDSHEAR DETECTION FOR COMMERCIAL AIRCRAFT

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CONF ON LASER RADAR 6

作者： TARG, R BOWLES, RL Lockheed Missiles & Space Co. Inc. (United States) NASA/Langley Research Ctr. (United States)

ISBN: (纸本)081940506X

National attention has focused on the critical problem of detecting and avoiding windshear since the crash on August 2, 1985, of a Lockheed L-1011 at Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport. As part of The NASA/FAA National Integrated Windshear Program, the authors have defined a measurable windshear hazard index that can be remotely sensed from an aircraft, to give the pilot information about the wind conditions he will experience at some later time if he continues along the present flight path. The technology analysis and end- to-end performance simulation, which measures signal-to-noise ratios and resulting wind velocity errors for competing coherent lidar systems, shows that a Ho:YAG lidar at a wavelength of 2.1 micrometers and a CO2 lidar at 10.6 micrometers can give the pilot information about the line-of-sight component of a windshear threat in a region extending from his present position to 2 to 4 km in front of the aircraft. This constitutes a warning time of 20 to 40 s, even under conditions of moderately heavy precipitation. Using these results, a Coherent Lidar Airborne Shear Sensor (CLASS), using a Q-switched CO2 laser at 10.6 micrometers , is being designed and developed for flight evaluation in early 1992.

关键词： LIDAR Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide lasers Signal to noise ratio Velocity measurements Doppler effect Sensors Pulsed laser operation Wind measurement Signal processing

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TABLE RECOGNITION FOR AUTOMATED DOCUMENT ENTRY SYSTEM

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CONF ON HIGH-SPEED INSPECTION ARCHITECTURES, BARCODING, AND CHARACTER RECOGNITION

作者： KOJIMA, H AKIYAMA, T NTT Human Interface Labs. (Japan) NTT Intelligent Technology Co. Ltd. (Japan)

ISBN: (纸本)0819404519

Most documents include various layout objects such as headlines text lines charts and tables. In particular tables are powerful tools that allow large quantities of data to be easily understood. An automated document entry system is needed that can recognize the document layout objects and extract the information from tables. In this paper an effective table recognition method is described. The proposed method is composed of three steps: (1) document layout structure recognition (2) table layout structure recognition (3) table content recognition. To develop the table layout structure recognition step we first examined the layout structure of tables in existing documents and classified several common structures. As a result of the examination we created ten rules and designed a ruled line and box extraction algorithm based on these rules. The effectiveness of the proposed method has been confirmed in experiments. Accordingly the proposed method will greatly contribute to the creation of an automated document entry system to allow faster document recognition and permit the data in tables to be extracted.

关键词： visualization optical character recognition Detection and tracking algorithms Inspection Image processing Image segmentation Algorithm development Cameras Communication engineering Control systems

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