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List ranking and list scan on the Cray C-90 94

List ranking and list scan on the Cray C-90

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6th annual acm symposium on parallel algorithms and architectures, SPAA 1994

作者： Reid-Miller, Margaret School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University PittsburghPA15213-3891 United States

ISBN: (纸本)0897916719

List ranking and list scan are two primitive operations used in many parallel algorithms that use list, trees, and graph data structures. But vectorizing and parallelizing list ranking is a challenge because it is highly communication intensive and dynamic. In addition, the serial algorithm is very simple and has very small constants. In order to compete, a parallel algorithm must also be simple and have small constants. A parallel algorithm due to Wyllie is such an algorithm, but it is not work efficient-its performance degrades for longer and longer linked lists. In contrast, work efficient PRAM algorithms developed to date have very large constants. We introduce a new fully vectorized and parallelized algorithm that both is work efficient and has small constants. It does not achieve O(log n) running time, but we contend that work efficiency and small constants is more important, given that vector and multiprocessor machines are used for problems that are much larger than the number of processors and, therefore, the O(log n) time is never achieved in practice. In particular, to the best of our knowledge, our implementation of list ranking and list scan on the Cray C-90 is the fastest implementation to date. In addition, it is the first implementation of which we are aware that outperforms fast workstations. The success of our algorithm is due to its relatively large grain size and simplicity of the inner loops, and the success of the implementation is due to pipelining reads and writes through vectorization to hide latency, minimizing load balancing by deriving equations for predicting and optimizing performance, and avoiding conditional tests except when load balancing. © 1994 acm.

关键词： parallel algorithms

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4th annual acm symposium on parallel algorithms and architectures

4th Annual ACM Symposium on Parallel Algorithms and Architec...

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4th annual acm symposium on parallel algorithms and architectures - SPAA '92

ISBN: (纸本)089791483X

This volume of the proceedings contains 42 articles devoted to parallel processing algorithms and architectures used in computers with multiple processors. algorithms are presented for routing the processing steps, mapping the data paths, sorting and interconnecting networks. Operating system program algorithms are discussed which optimize performance for hypercube, mesh connected arrays and to order sets, to select and label gray scale images and to schedule tasks.

关键词： parallel processing systems

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Studying overheads in massively parallel Min/Max-tree evaluation (extended abstract) 94

Studying overheads in massively parallel Min/Max-tree evalua...

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6th annual acm symposium on parallel algorithms and architectures, SPAA 1994

作者： Feldmann, Rainer Mysliwietz, Peter Monien, Burkhard Department of Mathematics and Computer Science University of Paderborn Germany

ISBN: (纸本)0897916719

In this paper we study the overheads arising in our algorithm for distributed evaluation of Min/Max trees. The overheads are classified into search overhead, performance loss, and decrease of work load. Several mechanisms are investigated to cope with these overheads in order to achieve a high performance. We study a combination of local, medium range, and global load distribution strategies that does not only show a good behavior in terms of work load, but also has a positive influence on the search overhead. The efficient use of a virtual shared memory, that is distributed among the processors, shows also a big contribution to the overall performance of the system. A carefully restricted application of parallelism using an improved version of the Young Brothers Wait Concept (YBWC) leads to a perfect behavior for minimal Min/Max trees and to a quite low search overhead, if well ordered trees are searched. Well ordered trees constitute the most important case in practice, since a couple of move ordering mechanisms are known that achieve a nearly optimal move ordering in many applications. The resulting combination of the methods shows an efficiency better than any previous approach. Experiments carried out using 256 DeBruijn-connected Transputers result in a speedup of 142 even applying restricted timing constraints. With a system consisting of 1024 grid connected Transputers we obtain a speedup of 344. Moreover the algorithm shows a very good scalability, especially using interconnection networks with logarithmic diameter. The experiments have been carried out using a Min/Max search program that incorporates all important state-of-the- art search techniques (Zugzwang, current vice world champion in computer chess) and therefore makes sure, that no artificial or simplifying assumptions on the structure of the problem are made. © 1994 acm.

关键词： Transputers

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OPTIMAL RANDOMIZED parallel algorithms FOR COMPUTING THE ROW MAXIMA OF A TOTALLY MONOTONE MATRIX

OPTIMAL RANDOMIZED PARALLEL ALGORITHMS FOR COMPUTING THE ROW...

引用

5th annual acm-SIAM symposium on Discrete algorithms

作者： RAMAN, R VISHKIN, U UNIV MARYLAND UMIACSCOLLEGE PKMD 20742

ISBN: (纸本)0898713293

We consider the problem of finding the row maxima of a totally monotone n×n matrix. Many geometric and combinatorial problems can be solved efficiently by reductions to this problem. It is known that the row maxima of a totally monotone n×n matrix can be computed sequentially in O(n) time. We give randomized parallel algorithms for this problem which run in O(log n) time and O(log log n) time with high probability on the EREW and CRCW PRAMs respectively, and have a time-processor product of O(n). The run-times are the best possible, even for randomized parallel algorithms. Previous polylogarithmic time parallel solutions to this problem had a time-processor product of Θ(n log n/log log n) or worse. Our result directly improves the parallel complexity of several problems.

关键词： algorithms

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Dynamic load balancing in parallel and distributed networks by random matchings (extended abstract) 94

Dynamic load balancing in parallel and distributed networks ...

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6th annual acm symposium on parallel algorithms and architectures, SPAA 1994

作者： Ghosh, Bhaskar Muthukrishnan, S. Department of Computer Science Yale University P.O. Box 208285 New HavenCT06520 United States Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences New York University 251 Mercer Street New YorkNY10012-1185 United States

ISBN: (纸本)0897916719

The fundamental problems in dynamic load balancing and job scheduling in parallel and distributed computers involve moving load between processors. In this paper, we consider a new model for load movement in synchronous parallel and distributed machines. In each step of our model, each processor can transfer load to at most one neighbor;also, any amount of load can be moved along a communication link between two processors in one step. This is a reasonable model for load movement in significant classes of dynamic load balancing problems. We derive efficient algorithms for a number of task reallocation problems under our model of load movement. These include dynamic load balancing on processor networks, adaptive mesh re-partitioning such as those in finite element methods, and progressive job migration under dynamic generation and consumption of load. To obtain the above-mentioned results, we introduce and solve the abstract problem of Incremental Weight Migration (IWM) on arbitrary graphs. Our main result is a simple, randomized, algorithm for this problem which provably results in asymptotically optimal convergence towards the state where weights on the nodes of the graph are all equal. This algorithm utilizes an appropriate random set of edges forming a matching. Our algorithm for the IWM problem is used in deriving efficient algorithms for all the problems mentioned above. Our results are very general. The algorithms we derive are local, and hence, scalable. They work for arbitrary load distributions and for networks of arbitrary topology which can possibly undergo link failures. Of independent interest is our proof technique which we use to lower bound the convergence of our algorithms in terms of the eigenstructure of the underlying graph. Finally, we present preliminary experimental results analyzing issues in load balancing related to our algorithms. © 1994 acm.

关键词： parallel processing systems

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Efficient barriers for distributed shared memory computers

Efficient barriers for distributed shared memory computers

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Proceedings of the 8th International parallel Processing symposium

作者： Grunwald, Dirk Vajracharya, Suvas Univ of Colorado Boulder United States

ISBN: (纸本)0818656026

Barrier algorithms are central to the performance of numerous algorithms on scalable, high-performance architectures. Numerous barrier algorithms have been suggested and studied for Non-Uniform Memory Access (NUMA) architectures, but less work has been done for Cache Only Memory Access (COMA) or attraction memory [1] architectures such as the KSR-1. In this paper, we presented two new barrier algorithms that offer the best performance we have recorded on the KSR-1 distributed cache multiprocessor. We discuss the trade-offs and the performance of seven algorithms on two architectures. The new barrier algorithms adapt well to a hierarchical caching memory model and take advantage of parallel communication offered by most multiprocessor interconnection networks,. Performance results are shown for a 256-processor KSR-1 and a 20-processor Sequent Symmetry.

关键词： parallel processing systems

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Efficient low-contention parallel algorithms 94

Efficient low-contention parallel algorithms

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Proceedings of the 6th annual acm symposium on parallel algorithms and architectures

作者： Gibbons, Philip B. Matias, Yossi Ramachandran, Vijaya AT&T Bell Laboratories 600 Mountain Ave. Murray Hill NJ Dept. of Computer Sciences University of Texas Austin TX

ISBN: (纸本)9780897916714

The queue-read, queue-write (QRQW) PRAM model [GMR94] permits concurrent reading and writing, but at a cost proportional to the number of readers/writers to a memory location in a given step. The QRQW model reflects the contention properties of most parallel machines more accurately than either the well-studied CRCW or EREW models: the CRCW model does not adequately penalize algorithms with high contention to shared memory locations, while the EREW model is too strict in its insistence on zero contention at each step. Of primary practical and theoretical interest, then, is the design of fast and efficient QRQW algorithms for problems for which all previous algorithms either suffer from high contention, fail to be fast, or fail to be *** paper describes low-contention, fast, work-optimal QRQW PRAM algorithms for the fundamental problems of finding a random permutation, parallel hashing, load balancing, and sorting. There is no known fast, work-optimal EREW algorithm known for finding a random permutation or for parallel hashing. For load balancing, we improve upon the EREW result whenever the ratio of the maximum to the average load is not too large. We show that the logarithmic dependence of the QRQW running time on this ratio is inherent by providing a matching lower *** demonstrate the performance advantage of a QRQW random permutation algorithm, compared with the popular EREW algorithm, by implementing and running both algorithms on the MasPar ***, we extend the work-time framework for the design of parallel algorithms to account for contention, and relate it to the QRQW PRAM model. We use our QRQW load balancing algorithm, as well as the QRQW linear compaction algorithm in [GMR94], to provide automatic tools for processor allocation—an issue that needs to be handled when translating an algorithm from its work-time presentation into the explicit PRAM description.

关键词： parallel algorithms

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Sublinear parallel algorithm for stable matching

Sublinear parallel algorithm for stable matching

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Proceedings of the Fifth annual SIAM symposium on Discrete algorithms

作者： Feder, Tomas Megiddo, Nimrod Plotkin, Serge A. IBM Almaden Research Cent San Jose United States

ISBN: (纸本)0898713293

parallel algorithms for various versions of the stable matching problem are presented. The algorithms are based on the primal-dual interior path-following method for linear programming. The main result is that a stable matching can be found in O*(√m) time by a polynomial number of processors, where m is the total length of preference lists of individuals.

关键词： algorithms

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Optimum parallel computations with banded matrices

Optimum parallel computations with banded matrices

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Proceedings of the Fifth annual SIAM symposium on Discrete algorithms

作者： Pan, Victor Y. Sobze, Isdor Atinkpahoun, Antoine City Univ of New York Bronx United States

ISBN: (纸本)0898713293

We devise optimum parallel algorithms for solving a banded linear system of equations and for computing the determinant of a banded matrix, substantially improving the previous record computational complexity estimates of [E]. Our algorithms are in NC or RNC and support the optimum bounds on the potential work (the product of time and processor bounds). Moreover, these algorithms are in NC1 or RNC1 if the bandwidth is a constant.

关键词： algorithms

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Experiences with parallel N-body simulation 94

Experiences with parallel N-body simulation

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Proceedings of the 6th annual acm symposium on parallel algorithms and architectures

作者： Liu, Pangfeng Bhatt, Sandeep N. DIMACS Rutgers University Piscataway NJ Bell Communications Research Morristown NJ

ISBN: (纸本)9780897916714

This paper describes our experiences developing high-performance code for astrophysical N-body simulations. Recent N-body methods are based on an adaptive tree structure. The tree must be built and maintained across physically distributed memory; moreover, the communication requirements are irregular and adaptive. Together with the need to balance the computational work-load among processors, these issues pose interesting challenges and tradeoffs for high-performance *** implementation was guided by the need to keep solutions simple and general. We use a technique for implicitly representing a dynamic global tree across multiple processors which substantially reduces the programming complexity as well as the performance overheads of distributed memory architectures. The contributions include methods to vectorize the computation and minimize communication time which are theoretically and experimentally *** code has been tested by varying the number and distribution of bodies on different configurations of the Connection Machine CM-5. The overall performance on instances with 10 million bodies is typically over 30% of the peak machine rate. Preliminary timings compare favorably with other approaches.

关键词： Memory architecture

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