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parallel equivalence class sorting: algorithms, lower bounds, and distribution-based analysis 16

Parallel equivalence class sorting: Algorithms, lower bounds...

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28th acm symposium on parallelism in algorithms and architectures, SPAA 2016

作者： Devanny, William E. Goodrich, Michael T. Jetviroj, Kristopher Dept. of Computer Science Univ. of California Irvine IrvineCA92697 United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781450342100

We study parallel comparison-based algorithms for finding all equivalence classes of a set of n elements, where sorting according to some total order is not possible. Such scenarios arise, for example, in applications, such as in distributed computer security, where each of n agents are working to identify the private group to which they belong, with the only operation available to them being a zero-knowledge pairwise-comparison (which is sometimes called a "secret handshake") that reveals only whether two agents are in the same group or in different groups. We provide new parallel algorithms for this problem, as well as new lower bounds and distribution-based analysis.

关键词： Equivalence classes

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POSTER: Cache-Oblivious MPI All-to-All Communications on Many-Core architectures 17

POSTER: Cache-Oblivious MPI All-to-All Communications on Man...

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Proceedings of the 22nd acm SIGPLAN symposium on Principles and Practice of parallel Programming

作者： Shigang Li Yunquan Zhang Torsten Hoefler Institute of Computing Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China ETH Zurich Zurich Switzerland

ISBN: (纸本)9781450344937

In the many-core era, the performance of MPI collectives is more dependent on the intra-node communication component. However, the communication algorithms generally inherit from the inter-node version and ignore the cache complexity. We propose cache-oblivious algorithms for MPI all-to-all operations, in which data blocks are copied into the receive buffers in Morton order to exploit data locality. Experimental results on different many-core architectures show that our cache-oblivious implementations significantly outperform the naive implementations based on shared heap and the highly optimized MPI libraries.

关键词： mpi_alltoall many-core cache-oblivious algorithms

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parallel algorithms for asymmetric read-write costs 16

Parallel algorithms for asymmetric read-write costs

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28th acm symposium on parallelism in algorithms and architectures, SPAA 2016

作者： Ben-David, Naama Blelloch, Guy E. Fineman, Jeremy T. Gibbons, Phillip B. Gu, Yan McGuffey, Charles Shun, Julian Carnegie Mellon University United States Georgetown University United States UC Berkeley United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781450342100

Motivated by the significantly higher cost of writing than reading in emerging memory technologies, we consider parallel algorithm design under such asymmetric read-write costs, with the goal of reducing the number of writes while preserving work-efficiency and low span. We present a nested-parallel model of computation that combines (i) small per-task stack-allocated memories with symmetric read-write costs and (ii) an unbounded heap-allocated shared memory with asymmetric read-write costs, and show how the costs in the model map efficiently onto a more concrete machine model under a work-stealing scheduler. We use the new model to design reduced-write, work-efficient, low-span parallel algorithms for a number of fundamental problems such as reduce, list contraction, tree contraction, breadth-first search, ordered filter, and planar convex hull. For the latter two problems, our algorithms are output-sensitive in that the work and number of writes decrease with the output size. We also present a reduced-write, low-span minimum spanning tree algorithm that is nearly work-efficient (off by the inverse Ackermann function). Our algorithms reveal several interesting techniques for significantly reducing shared memory writes in parallel algorithms without asymptotically increasing the number of shared memory reads. © 2016 acm.

关键词： parallel algorithms

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Deterministic parallel algorithms for fooling polylogarithmic juntas and the Lovasz Local Lemma 17

Deterministic parallel algorithms for fooling polylogarithmi...

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annual acm-Society for Industrial and Applied Mathmatics symposium on Discrete algorithms

作者： David G. Harris Department of Computer Science University of Maryland

ISBN: (纸本)9781510836358

Many randomized algorithms can be derandomized efficiently using either the method of conditional expectations or probability spaces with low (almost-) independence. A series of papers, beginning with work by Luby (1988) and continuing with Berger & Rompel (1991) and Chari et al. (1994), showed that these techniques can be combined to give deterministic parallel algorithms for combinatorial optimization problems involving sums of w-juntas. We improve these algorithms through derandomized variable partitioning. This reduces the processor complexity to essentially independent of w while the running time is reduced from exponential in w to linear in w. For example, we improve the time complexity of an algorithm of Berger & Rompel (1991) for rainbow hypergraph coloring by a factor of approximately log~2 n and the processor complexity by a factor of approximately m~(ln 2). As a major application of this, we give an NC algorithm for the Lovasz Local Lemma. Previous NC algorithms, including the seminal algorithm of Moser & Tardos (2010) and the work of Chandrasekaran et. al (2013), required that (essentially) the bad-events could span only O(log n) variables; we relax this to allowing polylog(n) variables. As two applications of our new algorithm, we give algorithms for defective vertex coloring and domatic graph partition. One main sub-problem encountered in these algorithms is to generate a probability space which can "fool" a given list of GF(2) Fourier characters. Schulman (1992) gave an NC algorithm for this; we dramatically improve its efficiency to near-optimal time and processor complexity and code dimension. This leads to a new algorithm to solve the heavy-codeword problem, introduced by Naor & Naor (1993), with a near-linear processor complexity (mn)~(1+o(1)).

关键词： algorithms parallel algorithms PROCESSOR Lemma complexity classes major application conditional expectation Numerical controls deterministic Color

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parallel metric tree embedding based on an algebraic view on moore-bellman-ford 16

Parallel metric tree embedding based on an algebraic view on...

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28th acm symposium on parallelism in algorithms and architectures, SPAA 2016

作者： Friedrichs, Stephan Lenzen, Christoph Max Planck Institute for Informatics Saarbrücken Graduate School of Computer Science Saarbrücken Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781450342100

A metric tree embedding of expected stretch α maps a weighted n-node graph G = (V, E, ω) to a weighted tree T = (VT, ET, ωT) with V C VT, and dist(v, w, G) ≤ dist(v, w, T) and E[dist(v, w, T)] ≤ αdist(v, w, G) for all v, w ∈ V. Such embeddings are highly useful for designing fast approximation algorithms, as many hard problems are easy to solve on tree instances. However, to date the best parallel polylogn depth algorithm that achieves an asymptotically optimal expected stretch of α ∈ O(logn) uses Ω(n2) work and requires a metric as input. In this paper, we show how to achieve the same guarantees using Õ(m1/ϵ) work, where m is the number of edges of G and ϵ > 0 is an arbitrarily small constant. Moreover, one may reduce the work further to Õ(m + n1-ϵ), at the expense of increasing the expected stretch α to O(ϵ-1 log n) using the spanner construction of Baswana and Sen as preprocessing step. Our main tool in deriving these parallel algorithms is an algebraic characterization of a generalization of the classic Moore-Bellman-Ford algorithm. We consider this framework, which subsumes a large variety of previous "Moore-Bellman-Ford-flavored" algorithms, to be of independent interest.

关键词： parallel algorithms

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Latency-hiding work stealing: Scheduling interacting parallel computations with work stealing 16

Latency-hiding work stealing: Scheduling interacting paralle...

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28th acm symposium on parallelism in algorithms and architectures, SPAA 2016

作者： Muller, Stefan K. Acar, Umut A. Carnegie Mellon University PittsburghPA United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781450342100

With the rise of multicore computers, parallel applications no longer consist solely of computational, batch workloads, but also include applications that may, for example, take input from a user, access secondary storage or the network, or perform remote procedure calls. Such operations can incur substantial latency, requiring the program to wait for a response. In the current state of the art, the theoretical models of parallelism and parallel scheduling algorithms do not account for latency. In this work, we extend the dag (Directed Acyclic Graph) model for parallelism to account for latency and present a work-stealing algorithm that hides latency to improve performance. This algorithm allows user-level threads to suspend without blocking the underlying worker, usually a system thread. When a user-level thread suspends, the algorithm switches to another thread. Using extensions of existing techniques as well as new technical devices, we bound the running time of our scheduler on a parallel computation. We also briefly present a prototype implementation of the algorithm and some preliminary empirical findings. © 2016 acm.

关键词： Scheduling

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Some Sequential algorithms are Almost Always parallel 17

Some Sequential Algorithms are Almost Always Parallel

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Proceedings of the 29th acm symposium on parallelism in algorithms and architectures

作者： Guy E. Blelloch Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450345934

Over the years many interesting and efficient parallel algorithms have been developed to solve a wide variety of problems, but not much attention has been paid to studying the inherent parallelism in sequential algorithms---i.e., understanding the depth of their dependence structure, and how shallow dependence structures might beused to develop efficient parallel *** this talk I will describe recent work on analyzing the dependence depth of iterative sequential algorithms---ones that loop over a collection of elements. Many of these algorithms have deep dependence chains in the worst case, but shallow chains (polylog w.h.p.) if the elements are randomly ordered. Examples include many fundamental algorithms: the Knuth shuffle for random permutations, sorting by insertion into a binary search tree, greedy maximal independent set (MIS), greedy maximal matching, greedy graph-coloring, counting cycles in a permutation, incremental k-dimensional linear programming, and incremental 2d Delaunay *** advantage of the approach is that it can lead to very simple and efficient parallel algorithms. Our MIS algorithm, for example can be coded in a dozen or so lines, and is significantly faster than Luby's algorithm on modern multicore machines. Also the approach encourages snapping the view that sequential and parallel algorithms are distinct, and instead thinking of algorithms, in general, as collections of instructions with dependences among them.

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Just join for parallel ordered sets 16

Just join for parallel ordered sets

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28th acm symposium on parallelism in algorithms and architectures, SPAA 2016

作者： Blelloch, Guy E. Ferizovic, Daniel Sun, Yihan Carnegie Mellon University United States Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781450342100

Ordered sets (and maps when data is associated with each key) are one of the most important and useful data types. The set-set functions union, intersection and difference are particularly useful in certain applications. Brown and Tarjan first described an algorithm for these functions, based on 2-3 trees, that meet the optimal θ m log(n/m + 1)) time bounds in the comparison model (n and m ≤ n are the input sizes). Later Adams showed very elegant algorithms for the functions, and others, based on weight-balanced trees. They only require a single function that is specific to the balancing scheme - a function that joins two balanced trees-and hence can be applied to other balancing schemes. Furthermore the algorithms are naturally parallel. However, in the twenty-four years since, no one has shown that the algorithms, sequential or parallel are asymptotically work optimal. In this paper we show that Adams' algorithms are both work efficient and highly parallel (polylog span) across four different balancing schemes-AVL trees, red-black trees, weight balanced trees and treaps. To do this we use careful, but simple, algorithms for JOIN that maintain certain invariants, and our proof is (mostly) generic across the schemes. To understand how the algorithms perform in practice we have also implemented them (all code except JOIN is generic across the balancing schemes). Interestingly the implementations on all four balancing schemes and three set functions perform similarly in time and speedup (more than 45x on 64 cores). We also compare the performance of our implementation to other existing libraries and algorithms. © 2016 acm.

关键词： Set theory

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parallel algorithms for Select and Partition with Noisy Comparisons 16

Parallel Algorithms for Select and Partition with Noisy Comp...

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48th annual acm SIGACT symposium on Theory of Computing (STOC)

作者： Braverman, Mark Mao, Jieming Weinberg, S. Matthew Princeton Univ Dept Comp Sci Princeton NJ 08544 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450341325

We consider the problem of finding the kth highest element in a totally ordered set of n elements (SELECT), and partitioning a totally ordered set into the top k and bottom n-k elements (PARTITION) using pairwise comparisons. Motivated by settings like peer grading or crowdsourcing, where multiple rounds of interaction are costly and queried comparisons may be inconsistent with the ground truth, we evaluate algorithms based both on their total runtime and the number of interactive rounds in three comparison models: noiseless (where the comparisons are correct), erasure (where comparisons are erased with probability 1-gamma), and noisy (where comparisons are correct with probability 1/2 + gamma/2 and incorrect otherwise). We provide numerous matching upper and lower bounds in all three models. Even our results in the noiseless model, which is quite well-studied in the TCS literature on parallel algorithms, are novel.

关键词： Top-K Noisy Comparisons parallel algorithms Rank Aggregation Median Finding

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Provably good and practically efficient parallel race detection for fork-join programs 16

Provably good and practically efficient parallel race detect...

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28th acm symposium on parallelism in algorithms and architectures, SPAA 2016

作者： Utterback, Robert Agrawal, Kunal Fineman, Jeremy T. Lee, I-Ting Angelina Washington University St. Louis United States Georgetown University United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781450342100

If a parallel program has determinacy race(s), different schedules can result in memory accesses that observe different values - various race-detection tools have been designed to find such bugs. A key component of race detectors is an algorithm for series-parallel (SP) maintenance, which identifies whether two accesses are logically parallel. This paper describes an asymptotically optimal algorithm, called WSP-Order, for performing SP maintenance in programs with fork-join (or nested) parallelism. Given a fork-join program with T1 work and T∞ span, WSP-Order executes it while also maintaining SP relationships in O(T1/P + T∞) time on P processors, which is asymptotically optimal. At the heart of WSP-Order is a work-stealing scheduler designed specifically for SP maintenance. We also implemented C-RACER, a race-detector based on WSP-Order within the Cilk Plus runtime system, and evaluated its performance on five benchmarks. Empirical results demonstrate that when run sequentially, it performs almost as well as previous best sequential race detectors. More importantly, when run in parallel, it achieves almost as much speedup as the original program without race-detection. © 2016 acm.

关键词： Maintenance

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