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biostereometrics 1988: spatial and spatiotemporal analysis of biological form and function

Biostereometrics 1988: Spatial and Spatiotemporal Analysis o...

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biostereometrics 1988: spatial and spatiotemporal analysis of biological form and function

The proceedings contain 46 papers. The topic discussed include: description of scoliotic deformity pattern by harmonic functions;assessment of three-dimensional scoliotic deformity by rasterstereography;evaluation of back shape using the ISIS scanner;real-time rasterstereography using a solid state camera;holographic versus moire interferometry applied on articular surfaces - an anatomist point of view;asymmetric thickness of pettnal nerve fiber layer measured by photogrammetry;a simplified rasterstereography measuring technique with application to biomedical engineering;and preliminary discussion on the three dimensional space quantitative analysis of erythrocytes by SEMP and some applications on the clinic and research of blood disease.

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The fractal simulation of biological shapes

The fractal simulation of biological shapes

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biostereometrics 1988: spatial and spatiotemporal analysis of biological form and function

作者： Pickover, Clifford A. Visualization Systems Group IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center Yorktown HeightsNY10598 United States

This paper illustrates simple graphics techniques for visualizing a large class of biological shapes generated from recursive algorithms. Invited paper for Biosteriometries Conference, Basel, Switzerland "There is no excellent beauty that hath not some strangeness in the proportion" - Francis Bacon This paper provides a light introduction to simple graphics techniques for visualizing a large class of biological shapes generated from recursive algorithms. In order to capture some of the structural richness inherent in organisms, the algorithms produce not only extreme variability but also a high level of organization. The material primarily comes from previous published works of the author (1,2,3,4,5). For a general background on fractal methods in mathematics and science, see Mandelbrot's famous book (6). For research on the fractal characterization of other biological structures, such as the lung's bronchial tree and the surfaces of protein molecules, see (7,8). © 1989 SPIE. All rights reserved.

关键词： Fractals

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A biomechanical analysis of craniofacial form and function

A biomechanical analysis of craniofacial form and function

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biostereometrics 1988: spatial and spatiotemporal analysis of biological form and function

作者： Oyen, Ordean J. Case Western Reserve University School of Dentistry 2123 Abington Road ClevelandOH44106 United States

In vivo measures of bite force and bone strain obtained in growing African green monkeys (Cercopeithecus aethiops) are being used to study skull biology and geometry. Strain values and distributional patterns seen in association with forceful jaw elevation are inconsistent with conventional explanations linking upper facial morphology with masticatory function and/or using beam models of craniofacial architecture. These results mandate careful use of notions about skeletal geometry based on static analyses that have not been experimentally verified using in vivo procedures. © 1989 SPIE. All rights reserved.

关键词： Bone

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Combination of static and dynamic stereophotogrammetry for the kinetic analysis of human locomotion: Preliminary results

Combination of static and dynamic stereophotogrammetry for t...

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biostereometrics 1988: spatial and spatiotemporal analysis of biological form and function

作者： Schaer, A.R. Sheffer, D.B. Jones, D. Meier, G. Baumann, J.U. Motion Analysis Laboratory Dept. of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Basel Felix Platter-Spital BaselCH-4012 Switzerland Biostereometries Laboratory Dept. of Biomedical Engineering University of Akron AkronOH44325 United States National Centre for Training and Education in Prosthetics and Orthotics University of Strathclyde GlasgowG4 0LS United Kingdom

For a deeper understanding of the complexity of human walking movement not only a kinematic analysis, but also a comprehensive three-dimensional biomechanical model of the human body is required to detail the kinetic activities. This research combined static stereophotogrammetric determination of body segment mass parameters with three-dimensional gait analysis by cinephotography, direct linear transformation and two force plates. A method of combining the two independent analyses by defining the anatomical axes of each segment is shown. Practical problems arising in dynamic and stereometric analysis are demonstrated. Power spectra of a normal and a matched subject with spastic diplegia were calculated for a proper design of the kinematic analysis. © 1989 SPIE. All rights reserved.

关键词： Kinematics

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Stereophotogrammetric mass distribution parameter determination of the lower body segments for use in gait analysis

Stereophotogrammetric mass distribution parameter determinat...

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biostereometrics 1988: spatial and spatiotemporal analysis of biological form and function

作者： Sheffer, D.B. Schaer, A.R. Baumann, J.U. Biostereometrics Laboratory Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Akron AkronOH44325 United States Motion Analysis Laboratory Dept. of Orthopaedic Surgery Felix Platter-Spital Pav. E. BaselCH-4055 Switzerland

Inclusion of mass distribution information in biomechanical analysis of motion is a requirement for the accurate calculation of external moments and forces acting on the segmental joints during locomotion. Regression equations produced from a variety of photogrammetric, anthropometric and cadaeveric studies have been developed and espoused in literature. Because of limitations in the accuracy of predicted inertial properties based on the application of regression equation developed on one population and then applied on a different study population, the employment of a measurement technique that accurately defines the shape of each individual subject measured is desirable. This individual data acquisition method is especially needed when analyzing the gait of subjects with large differences in their extremity geometry from those considered "normal", or who may possess gross asymmetries in shape in their own contralateral limbs. This study presents the photogrammetric acquisition and data analysis methodology used to assess the inertial tensors of two groups of subjects, one with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy and the other considered normal. © 1989 SPIE. All rights reserved.

关键词： Data acquisition

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A preliminary discussion on the three dimensional space quantitative analysis of erythrocytes by SEMP and some applications on the clinic and research of blood disease

A preliminary discussion on the three dimensional space quan...

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biostereometrics 1988: spatial and spatiotemporal analysis of biological form and function

作者： Lian-Huang, Lu Wen-Sheng, Tong Zhi-Jun, Zhang Gui-Huan, He Su-Hui, Huan Union Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical College Fuzhou China Fujian Bureau of Surveying and Mapping Fuzhou China

The abnormity of the quality and quantity for erythrocytes is one of the important changes of blood disease. It shows the abnormal blood-making function of human body. Therefore, the study of the change of shape of erythrocytes is trie indispensible and important basis of reference in the clinic, diagnose and research of blood disease. In this paper, a preliminary discussion is made on the acquisition of scanning stereographs for erythrocytes, the application of the theory of photographic measurement on the three dimensional space quantitative analysis of erythrocytes, drawings of isoline map and section map of various erythrocytes for normal persons, paroxysmal nocturanal hemoglobinuria (PNH) patients and aplastic anemia patients, study of the shape characteristics of normal erythrocytes and various abnormal erytnrocytes and the applications in clinic, diagnose and research. This research is a combination of microphotogrammetry and erythrocyte morphology. It is possible to push forward the study of erythrocyte morphology from LM, SEM to a higher stage of scanning electron rnicrographic photogrammetry (SEMP) for stereogrphic observation and three diamensional quantitative analysis to explore a new path for the further study of the shape of erythrocytes. © 1989 SPIE. All rights reserved.

关键词： Morphology

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Three-dimensional (3D) electron microscopy (EM) of biological matter at the molecular level

Three-dimensional (3D) electron microscopy (EM) of biologica...

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biostereometrics 1988: spatial and spatiotemporal analysis of biological form and function

作者： Aebi, U. Engel, A. Biocenter University of Basel Klingelbergstrasse 70 BaselCH-4056 Switzerland

The advantage of EM over X-ray diffraction when investigating the molecular structure of biological matter is its ability to gather an image (i.e. a phase and amplitude representation) and not just a diffraction pattern (i.e. amplitudes only) of the specimen. Its disadvantage is given by the fact that, despite the near-atomic (i.e. 2-3 Å) resolution performance of state-of-the-art instruments, the practical resolution with most biological specimens is typically limited to 10-30 Å. However, with a few "cooperative" specimens significant structural detail at the 5-10 Å resolution level has been obtained. Hence, in most cases studied to date, the EM has only provided us with relative representations (i.e. the overall size and shape) of protein molecules rather than with their absolute (i.e. near-atomic) structure as this is now commonly achieved by X-ray diffraction analysis. These limitations are primarily specimen-dependent: (1) biological matter has relatively low inherent contrast in an (e.g. 100 kV) electron beam; (2) the alterations (e.g. denaturation and collapse) accompanying the preparation (e.g. dehydration) of biological material for inspection in the high vacuum of an EM cause serious specimen preparation artifacts; (3) biological specimens are extremely radiation sensitive when bombarded with electrons.

关键词： Proteins Molecules Crystals Photomicroscopy 3D modeling Diffraction Image resolution 3D image processing Particles Metals

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Object surface coordinates from a single camera and two mirrors

Object surface coordinates from a single camera and two mirr...

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biostereometrics 1988: spatial and spatiotemporal analysis of biological form and function

作者： Jensen, R.K. Marshall, R.N. Human Movement Laboratory Centre for Research in Human Development Laurentian University SudburyONP3E 2C6 Canada Kinesiology Section Faculty of Physical Education University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand

Constructive solid geometry has been used to estimate the shape and inertia of the human body. Hanavan I used geometric solids to represent each segment of the body and calculated moments of inertia from the dimensions and estimated mass. Jensen improved on the shape representation by increasing the number of geometric solids per segment, with two cm wide elliptical cylinders of given density and major and minor axes measured from orthogonal 35mm photographs of the supine subject. Changes in segment principal moments and other parameters, with age, between 4 and 20 years have been reported for 88 male subjects. The accuracy of this approach for some segments was questioned by Hatze who proposed diverse geometric solids to accommodate the more complex surfaces. A battery of 242 anthropometric measures was used and inertia parameters reported for four subjects. Computerized tomography has also been used to estimate segment shape and inertia. Ackland et al using six scan sites and the leg segment of a 29 year old male and an embalmed 65 year old cadaver, reported that the error associated with the estimation of volume was greater than the error due to the assumption of uniform density. It appears then, that more exact procedures for estimating segment volume may lead to improved estimates of segment inertias. The purpose of this study was to develop a simple technique for determining the surface coordinates at pre-set elevations on an object in order to investigate further the effect of shape representation on segment inertia estimations.

关键词： Cameras Mirrors Solids Calibration Photography Computed tomography Distortion biostereometrics Error analysis Tomography

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