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Cloud, wireless technology, internet of things: the next generation of building automation systems?

Journal of Physics: conference Series 2019年第1期1343卷

作者： Gerrit Bode Marc Baranski Markus Schraven Alexander Kümpel Thomas Storek Markus Nürenberg Dirk Müller Andreas Rothe Jan Henrik Ziegeldorf Johannes Fütterer Bernd Scheuffele RWTH Aachen University E.ON Energy Research Center Institute for Energy Efficient Buildings and Indoor Climate Mathieustraβe 10 52072 Aachen Germany aedifion GmbH Hohenzollernring 72 50672 Koln Germany AutomationOne GmbH Wiesweg 32 82409 Wildsteig Germany

Building automation and control systems (BAS) have become a common part of non-residential buildings in the past decades. However, many automation systems rely on severely outdated technology that render it challenging, if not impossible, to implement recently developed, advanced building control approaches. By contrast, recent developments in cloud computing and wireless technology could support solutions to these challenges. However, many stakeholders require a suitable methodology to determine the potentials and the requirements of future, possibly next generation BAS. In this paper, we thus present and apply a method to answer the open questions and define minimum requirements. For that end, we investigate available communication technologies, protocols, and interfaces. Moreover, we present a simple test bench layout that could serve as a blueprint for future, more comprehensive test benches. It is a model a ventilation circuit consisting of a CO2 sensor for the supply air and an electronic damper. We turned these conventional components with analogue interfaces into IoT devices using a previously developed WiFi gateway. An exemplary test is the control of the CO2 concentration using a feedback controller implemented on an external machine. We aim to extend our initial prototype to a real-life building demonstration for dynamically scalable automation systems using wireless communication and develop our set-up into a platform enabling arbitrarily complex automation strategies and artificial intelligence applications.

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Surface Temperature Distribution of Aluminum Fins Heated using Thermoelectric

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Journal of Physics: conference Series 2021年第1期2013卷

作者： A O Triqadafi T N Zafirah F J Kusuma S P Sakti Sensor Technology Laboratory Department of Physics Brawijaya University Jl. Veteran Malang 65145 Indonesia Collaborative Research Centre for Advanced Systems and Material Technology Brawijaya University Jl. Veteran Malang 65145 Indonesia

The thermoelectric device has advantages for heating and cooling element. The thermoelectric can be used easily as a heater. In applications for small volumes, the temperature distribution of the heating element is necessary to ensure that different samples at different locations receive the same heat treatment. This experiment shows an aluminum fin's temperature distribution heated using different heat amount. TEC-12706 was used to heat an aluminum fin with a dimension of 40×40×20 mm. The aluminum was placed in an chamber made using a 3D printer with a material of ABS. The surface temperature distribution of the aluminum fin was measured using a thermal camera Fluke-Ti20S. The measurement data showed that the fin's surface temperature is not the same at all points at the surface, especially the center and the edge. During the heating process, the temperature at the aluminum fin's center has a higher temperature than the fin's edge. The lower the duty cycle used, the better the temperature distribution on the heatsink. For 50% duty cycle or more, the temperature variation in the middle with a square dimension of 20×20 mm has a temperature variation of less than 1°C. Therefore, if the temperature distribution between points is important, it is recommended to use an aluminum fin around the center.

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A Web-Based Campus Navigation System with Mobile Augmented Reality Intervention

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Journal of Physics: conference Series 2021年第1期1997卷

作者： Noradila Nordin Marni Azira Markom Farhana Aqilah Suhaimi Syaimaa' Ishak School of Computing Universiti Utara Malaysia 06010 Sintok Kedah Malaysia Advanced Sensor Technology Center of Excellence Universiti Malaysia Perlis Kampus Pauh Putra 02600 Arau Perlis Malaysia

In this era of information technology, the introduction of new and greatly improved technologies is becoming vital especially with the progressive development of computing power to fulfill current technological needs. Augmented Reality (AR) is a part of the emerging technologies that are gaining great attention and interest with new and better innovations being developed. AR is an immersive technology where it complements real-world objects together with computer-generated objects to give more details and meaning to the objects in the real world. AR has been successfully growing nowadays in many industries, mainly in gaming and entertainment, education and navigation. However, AR has not been standardized and to be widely used in navigation systems even though there are many applications developed for this purpose. This paper proposed a web-based AR-UUM Campus Navigation System using ARToolKit, that is accessible via mobile devices that uses AR to overlay the information as images of the searched location on campus, especially for indoor navigations for lecture halls, tutorial rooms, laboratories, and offices which rarely are covered by the normal maps. Based on the respondents' evaluation, they managed to successfully interact with the AR-UUM Campus Navigation System, however, some improvements are required in terms of the functions expected from the system. Nevertheless, the use of AR in a navigation system shows promising results and has the potential to be widely used due to high interest in augmented reality.

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Insight Into Lightning Initiation via Downward Terrestrial Gamma-ray Flash Observations at Telescope Array 37

Insight Into Lightning Initiation via Downward Terrestrial G...

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37th International Cosmic Ray conference, ICRC 2021

作者： Remington, Jackson Abbasi, R.U. Abe, M. Abu-Zayyad, T. Allen, M. Arai, Y. Barcikowski, E. Belz, J.W. Bergman, D.R. Blake, S.A. Buckland, I. Cady, R. Cheon, B.G. Chiba, J. Chikawa, M. Fujii, T. Fujisue, K. Fujita, K. Fujiwara, R. Fukushima, M. Fukushima, R. Furlich, G. Gonzalez, R. Hanlon, W. Hayashi, M. Hayashida, N. Hibino, K. Higuchi, R. Honda, K. Ikeda, D. Inadomi, T. Inoue, N. Ishii, T. Ito, H. Ivanov, D. Iwakura, H. Jeong, H.M. Jeong, S. Jui, C.C.H. Kadota, K. Kakimoto, F. Kalashev, O. Kasahara, K. Kasami, S. Kawai, H. Kawakami, S. Kawana, S. Kawata, K. Kido, E. Kim, H.B. Kim, J.H. Kim, J.H. Kim, M.H. Kim, S.W. Kimura, Y. Kishigami, S. Kubota, Y. Kurisu, S. Kuzmin, V. Kuznetsov, M. Kwon, Y.J. Lee, K.H. Lubsandorzhiev, B. Lundquist, J.P. Machida, K. Matsumiya, H. Matsuyama, T. Matthews, J.N. Mayta, R. Minamino, M. Mukai, K. Myers, I. Nagataki, S. Nakai, K. Nakamura, R. Nakamura, T. Nakamura, T. Nakamura, Y. Nakazawa, A. Nonaka, T. Oda, H. Ogio, S. Ohnishi, M. Ohoka, H. Oku, Y. Okuda, T. Omura, Y. Ono, M. Onogi, R. Oshima, A. Ozawa, S. Park, I.H. Potts, M. Pshirkov, M.S. Remington, J. Rodriguez, D.C. Rubtsov, G.I. Ryu, D. Sagawa, H. Sahara, R. Saito, Y. Sakaki, N. Sako, T. Sakurai, N. Sano, K. Sato, K. Seki, T. Sekino, K. Shah, P.D. Shibasaki, Y. Shibata, F. Shibata, N. Shibata, T. Shimodaira, H. Shin, B.K. Shin, H.S. Shinto, D. Smith, J.D. Sokolsky, P. Sone, N. Stokes, B.T. Stroman, T.A. Suzawa, T. Takagi, Y. Takahashi, Y. Takamura, M. Takeda, M. Takeishi, R. Taketa, A. Takita, M. Tameda, Y. Tanaka, H. Tanaka, K. Tanaka, M. Tanoue, Y. Thomas, S.B. Thomson, G.B. Tinyakov, P. Tkachev, I. Tokuno, H. Tomida, T. Troitsky, S. Tsuda, R. Tsunesada, Y. Uchihori, Y. Udo, S. Uehama, T. Urban, F. Wong, T. Yada, K. Yamamoto, M. Yamazaki, K. Yang, J. Yashiro, K. Yoshida, F. Yoshioka, Y. Zhezher, Y. Zundel, Z. University of Utah 201 President’s Cir. Salt Lake City United States Department of Physics Loyola University Chicago ChicagoIL United States The Graduate School of Science and Engineering Saitama University Saitama Saitama Japan High Energy Astrophysics Institute Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Utah Salt Lake CityUT United States Graduate School of Science Osaka City University Osaka Osaka Japan Department of Physics The Research Institute of Natural Science Hanyang University Seongdong-gu Seoul Korea Republic of Department of Physics Tokyo University of Science Chiba Noda Japan Institute for Cosmic Ray Research University of Tokyo Chiba Kashiwa Japan The Hakubi Center for Advanced Research Graduate School of Science Kyoto University Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho Sakyo-ku Kyoto Japan Todai Institutes for Advanced Study University of Tokyo Chiba Kashiwa Japan Information Engineering Graduate School of Science and Technology Shinshu University Nagano Nagano Japan Faculty of Engineering Kanagawa University Kanagawa Yokohama Japan Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering University of Yamanashi Yamanashi Kofu Japan Academic Assembly School of Science and Technology Institute of Engineering Shinshu University Nagano Nagano Japan Astrophysical Big Bang Laboratory RIKEN Saitama Wako Japan Department of Physics Sungkyunkwan University Jang-an-gu Suwon Korea Republic of Department of Physics Tokyo City University Setagaya-ku Tokyo Japan Institute for Nuclear Research The Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russia Faculty of Systems Engineering and Science Shibaura Institute of Technology Minato-ku Tokyo Japan Department of Engineering Science Faculty of Engineering Osaka Electro-Communication University Neyagawashi Osaka Japan Department of Physics Chiba University Chiba Chiba Japan Service de Physique ThÃ©orique UniversitÃ© Libre de Bruxelles Brussels Belgium Department of Physics Yonsei Univers

Due to the difficulty of direct measurement of the thunderstorm environment, in particular the electric field strengths, the initial stages of lightning breakdown remain mysterious. The 1994 discovery of Terrestrial Gamma-ray Flashes (TGFs) and their implications for megaVolt potentials within thunderclouds has proved to be a valuable source of information about the breakdown process. The Telescope Array Surface Detector (TASD) — a 700 km2 scintillator array in Western Utah, U.S.A — coupled with a lightning mapping array, fast sferic (field change) sensor and broadband interferometer, has provided unique insight into the properties of this energetic radiation and of lightning initiation in general. In particular, microsecond-scale timing comparisons have clearly established that downward TGFs occur during strong initial breakdown pulses (IBPs) of downward negative cloud-to-ground and intracloud flashes. In turn, the IBPs are produced by streamer-based fast negative breakdown. Investigations into downward TGFs with the TASD have significantly evolved with recent upgrades to lightning instrumentation. A second state-of-the-art broadband interferometer allows high-resolution stereo observation of lightning development. A high-speed optical video camera, set to be deployed in Spring 2021, will allow simultaneous observation of the visual component of lightning responsible for TGF production. Finally, a suite of ground based static electric field mills will provide new information on the large-scale properties of the thunderstorms in which downward TGFs arise. © Copyright owned by the author(s).

关键词： Lightning

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Case study of LoRaWAN-based smart elements in urban environment

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AIP conference Proceedings 2024年第1期2898卷

作者： Syed Muhammad Mamduh Syed Zakaria Ammar Zakaria Latifah Munirah Kamarudin Retnam Visvanathan Yuzairi Abdul Rahim Noraini Azmi Md Fauzan Elham Faculty of Electronic Engineering Technology Universiti Malaysia Perlis Kampus Pauh Putra Perlis Malaysia Centre of Excellence for Advanced Sensor Technology (CEASTech) Arau Perlis Malaysia Faculty of Electrical Engineering Technology Universiti Malaysia Perlis Kampus Pauh Putra Perlis Malaysia Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Technology Universiti Malaysia Perlis Kampus Pauh Putra Perlis Malaysia Selangor Industrial Corporation Sdn. Bhd. Shah Alam Selangor Malaysia Malaysia

Communication is one of the enablers for smart elements in a smart city. The ability of these smart elements to communicate with each other enables them to react intelligently to dynamically changing conditions. Most communication radios like Zigbee, BLE, and WiFi, among others, are short-ranged and while others such as 3G and 4G LTE, are power-hungry and subscription-based. While these protocols and communication modes work for certain applications, it carries two main limitations; difficulties in deploying IoT solutions in areas without cellular (GPRS, EDGE, 3G, LTE/4G) coverage and reduction in battery life. Thus, the future implementation of IoT and the connection of all kinds of “things” located in all kinds of places, needs a communication medium tailor-made for IoT which is low power, significantly long range, cheap, secure, and easy to deploy. This work presents the results of LoRaWAN coverage tests in Selangor Cyber Valley which is a greenfield development area where smart systems are designed into the blueprint. The data collected are during the early development phase with minimal buildings and foliage. The data demonstrates that the LoRaWAN covers a maximum radius of 2.49 km reliably with less than 10% packet loss. This strongly suggests that LoRaWAN is a reliable connection protocol for outdoor end-devices in urban environments. Future data collection after further developments may demonstrate the impact of buildings and foliage in urban environments on LoRaWAN.

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Preparation and thermochromic behaviors of polydiacetylene/indium or gallium doped zinc oxide nanocomposites

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Journal of Physics: conference Series 2019年第1期1380卷

作者： Tin Htet Htet Lynn Rawat Jaisutti Kritsanu Tivakornsasithorn Rakchart Traiphol Tanakorn Osotchan School of Materials Science and Innovation Faculty of Science Mahidol University City at Salaya 73170 Thailand Department of Physics Faculty of Science and Technology Thammasat University Pathum Thani Thailand Department of Physics Faculty of Science Mahidol University Rama VI Road Bangkok Thailand Laboratory of Advanced Polymers and Nanomaterials School of Materials Science and Innovation Faculty of Science Mahidol University at Salaya Phuttamonthon 4 Road Salaya Nakhon Pathom 73170 Thailand NANOTEC-MU Excellence Center on Intelligent Materials and Systems Faculty of Science Mahidol University Rama 6 Road Ratchathewi Bangkok 10400 Thailand

Polydiacetylene (PDA) is one of the well-known thermochromic materials having a high potential in applications such as displays and sensor technology. Many research groups have been working on controlling thermochromic reversibility of PDA-based materials. In this research, the colorimetric response of PDA assembled with indium or gallium doped zinc oxide was studied with various concentrations. Indium or gallium doped zinc oxide was prepared by hydrothermal method. The compositions of 5, 10, and 15% of indium and 5, 12, and 24% gallium, respectively. Undoped zinc oxide and gallium doped zinc oxide exhibited the nanoflowers composed of nanosheets while the indium doped zinc oxide showed the nanorod structure and combined to be nanoflowers. Monomer of PDA composing 10, 12-pentacosadiynoic acid in ethanol was mixed with indium and gallium doped zinc oxide precursor solution at 20% weight. Ultra-violet light source was used to photo-polymerize for five minutes after incubation at low temperature for a prolong cooling. For nanocomposites of poly(PCDA) and undoped and gallium doped zinc oxide, the color of nanocomposite changed from blue to light-purple at above 70°C and the color can be reversible when cooling down to room temperature. However, for nanocomposites of PCDA and indium doped zinc oxide, the color change from blue to light-purple at above 50°C then become red than those in gallium doped PDA nanocomposite. In addition, the color of PCDA nanocomposite with indium doped zinc oxide cannot be reversible back to the original color.

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High-speed Video Camera Observations Associated with a Terrestrial Gamma-ray Flash at the Telescope Array Detector. 38

High-speed Video Camera Observations Associated with a Terre...

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38th International Cosmic Ray conference, ICRC 2023

作者： Abbasi, Rasha Abbasi, R.U. Abe, Y. Abu-Zayyad, T. Allen, M. Arai, Y. Arimura, R. Barcikowski, E. Belz, J.W. Bergman, D.R. Blake, S.A. Buckland, I. Cheon, B.G. Chikawa, M. Fedynitch, A. Fujii, T. Fujisue, K. Fujita, K. Fujiwara, R. Fukushima, M. Furlich, G. Gerber, Z. Globus, N. Hanlon, W. Hayashida, N. He, H. Hibi, R. Hibino, K. Higuchi, R. Honda, K. Ikeda, D. Inoue, N. Ishii, T. Ito, H. Ivanov, D. Iwasaki, A. Jeong, H.M. Jeong, S. Jui, C.C.H. Kadota, K. Kakimoto, F. Kalashev, O. Kasahara, K. Kasami, S. Kawakami, S. Kawata, K. Kharuk, I. Kido, E. Kim, H.B. Kim, J.H. Kim, J.H. Kim, S.W. Kimura, Y. Komae, I. Komori, K. Kusumori, Y. Kuznetsov, M. Kwon, Y.J. Lee, K.H. Lee, M.J. Lubsandorzhiev, B. Lundquist, J.P. Matsuyama, T. Matthews, J.A. Matthews, J.N. Mayta, R. Miyashita, K. Mizuno, K. Mori, M. Murakami, M. Myers, I. Nagataki, S. Nakai, K. Nakamura, T. Nishio, E. Nonaka, T. Ogio, S. Ohoka, H. Okazaki, N. Oku, Y. Okuda, T. Omura, Y. Onishi, M. Ono, M. Oshima, A. Oshima, H. Ozawa, S. Park, I.H. Park, K.Y. Potts, M. Pshirkov, M.S. Remington, J. Rodriguez, D.C. Rott, C. Rubtsov, G.I. Ryu, D. Sagawa, H. Saito, R. Sakaki, N. Sako, T. Sakurai, N. Sato, D. Sato, K. Sato, S. Sekino, K. Shah, P.D. Shibata, N. Shibata, T. Shikita, J. Shimodaira, H. Shin, B.K. Shin, H.S. Shinto, D. Smith, J.D. Sokolsky, P. Stokes, B.T. Stroman, T.A. Takagi, Y. Takahashi, K. Takamura, M. Takeda, M. Takeishi, R. Taketa, A. Takita, M. Tameda, Y. Tanaka, K. Tanaka, M. Thomas, S.B. Thomson, G.B. Tinyakov, P. Tkachev, I. Tokuno, H. Tomida, T. Troitsky, S. Tsuda, R. Tsunesada, Y. Udo, S. Urban, F. Vaiman, I.A. Warren, D. Wong, T. Yamazaki, K. Yashiro, K. Yoshida, F. Zhezher, Y. Zundel, Z. Saba, M.M.F. Krehbiel, P.R. Rison, W. Kieu, N. da Silva, D.R. Stanley, M.A. Rodeheffer, Dan Mazich, J. LeVon, R. Smout, K. Petrizze, A. Loyola University Chicago Chicago United States Department of Physics Loyola University Chicago ChicagoIL60660 United States Academic Assembly School of Science and Technology Institute of Engineering Shinshu University Nagano Nagano380-8554 Japan High Energy Astrophysics Institute Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Utah Salt Lake CityUT84112-0830 United States Graduate School of Science Osaka Metropolitan University Sugimoto Sumiyoshi Osaka558-8585 Japan Department of Physics The Research Institute of Natural Science Hanyang University Seongdong-gu Seoul426-791 Korea Republic of Institute for Cosmic Ray Research University of Tokyo Kashiwa Chiba277-8582 Japan Institute of Physics Academia Sinica Taipei City115201 Taiwan Nambu Yoichiro Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics Osaka Metropolitan University Sugimoto Sumiyoshi Osaka558-8585 Japan Astrophysical Big Bang Laboratory RIKEN Wako Saitama351-0198 Japan Faculty of Engineering Kanagawa University Yokohama Kanagawa221-8686 Japan Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering University of Yamanashi Yamanashi Kofu400-8511 Japan The Graduate School of Science and Engineering Saitama University Saitama Saitama338-8570 Japan Department of Physics SungKyunKwan University Jang-an-gu Suwon16419 Korea Republic of Department of Physics Tokyo City University Setagaya-ku Tokyo158-8557 Japan Institute for Nuclear Research The Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow117312 Russia Faculty of Systems Engineering and Science Shibaura Institute of Technology Minato-ku Tokyo337-8570 Japan Graduate School of Engineering Osaka Electro-Communication University Neyagawa-shi Osaka572-8530 Japan Service de Physique Théorique Université Libre de Bruxelles Brussels1050 Belgium Department of Physics Yonsei University Seodaemun-gu Seoul120-749 Korea Republic of Center for Astrophysics and Cosmology University of Nova Gorica Nova Gorica5297 Slovenia Fa

This work presents observations of the optical emission of a lightning flash in conjunction with a downward-directed Terrestrial Gamma-ray Flash (TGF) at the Telescope Array detector. Previously, we reported joint observations by the Telescope Array Surface Detector (TASD), the Lightning Mapping Array, a sferic sensor, and a broadband interferometer of particle showers in coincidence with lightning. These observations consisted of energetic showers of approximately less than 10-microsecond duration with footprints on the ground of 3-6 kilometers in diameter, originating in the first one to two milliseconds of downward lightning leaders and in coincidence with the initial breakdown pulses stage of negative cloud-to-ground lighting leaders. Scintillator waveform and simulation studies confirmed that these showers must consist primarily of gamma radiations. In this work, we use the TASD detector, together with a high-speed video camera, in conjunction with multiple lightning instruments at the TASD site, to report on the optical emission associated with a downward-directed terrestrial gamma-ray flash. Results from this study allow us to further the understanding of the initiation and propagation mechanism of terrestrial gamma-ray flashes. It will also further our ability to compare the most recent satellite optical emissions counterpart of upward-directed TGFs to that of downward-directed TGFs. © Copyright owned by the author(s) under the terms of the Creative Commons.

关键词： High speed cameras

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