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Roadside sensor systems for Vulnerable Road User Protection: A Review of Methods and applications

IEEE ACCESS 2025年 13卷 62717-62738页

作者： Zhang, Tianya Cheng, Lei Bang, Tam Guo, Lihao Hajij, Mustafa Cao, Siyang Harris, Austin Sartipi, Mina Univ Tennessee Chattanooga Ctr Urban Informat & Progress CUIP UTC Res Inst Chattanooga TN 37405 USA Univ Arizona Dept Elect & Comp Engn Tucson AZ 85721 USA Univ San Francisco Elect Engn Dept San Francisco CA 94117 USA

This review surveyed infrastructure-based sensor technologies for protecting vulnerable road users (VRUs) in traffic safety systems, focusing on four key components of the roadside system: calibration methods, sensor fusion approaches, trajectory prediction, and risk analysis frameworks. The paper analyzes different sensor types, discussing their characteristics, advantages, and limitations. Key challenges in sensor calibration for roadside deployment are addressed, alongside various fusion strategies at data, feature, and decision levels. The review covers trajectory prediction methods, from classical approaches to deep learning architectures, examining their applications in VRU behavior analysis. A comprehensive evaluation of safety assessment methodologies using surrogate safety measures is provided, considering both single and multi-sensor implementations. Technical challenges including scalability, real-time processing, and sensor synchronization are discussed, while identifying opportunities in emerging technologies such as advanced AI and vehicle-to-everything (V2x) integration. The paper concludes by addressing future research directions and ethical implications for improving urban VRU safety.

关键词： Safety Roads Surveys Vehicle-to-everything Calibration Protection Pedestrians Real-time systems Accidents Trajectory Vulnerable road users adaptive calibration sensor fusion prediction and safety analysis

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Advancing Human-Machine Interface (HMI) through Development of a Conductive-Textile Based Capacitive sensor

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advanced MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES 2025年第6期10卷

作者： Tchantchane, Rayane Zhou, Hao Zhang, Shen Dunn, Alexander Sariyildiz, Emre Alici, Gursel Univ Wollongong Sch Mech Mat Mechatron & Biomed Engn Appl Mechatron & Biomed Engn Res AMBER Grp Wollongong NSW 2522 Australia

Smart wearable sensors in human-machine interfaces (HMI) facilitate communication and interface between humans and robots, as well as among humans. Conventional wearables face significant limitations, including performance degradation under various deformations (e.g., strain and pressure), limited stretchability and flexibility, poor comfort, and breathability, complicating their integration into HMI applications. In response to these limitations, a smart, sewable, high-precision HMI device based on a soft, textile-based sensor with machine learning (ML)-assisted data processing is proposed. The (Ag)-based fabric electrode integrated into polymeric composite dielectric layer, exhibiting hysteresis error of (<= 4%), a tensile strain sensitivity of gauge factor (GF) similar or equal to 1.03 at 100% elongation, a pressure sensitivity of approximate to 1.583 x 10(-2) kPa(-1) at pressures (<50 kPa) and excellent stability (>1000 cycles). To demonstrate its versatility in HMI, the textile-based sensor is integrated into a glove for real-time control of a commercially available prosthetic hand and a drone, as well as for sign language recognition, achieving 95.4% classification accuracy using the random forest (RF) classifier across 10 gestures. Beyond gesture recognition, the sensor measures a range of subtle physiological activities (>0.35 kPa), functioning as a force myograph, esophageal manometry, and in gait analysis, among other strain and pressure-related applications, highlighting exceptional capabilities for advanced wearable systems.

关键词： capacitive pressure sensor capacitive strain sensor human-machine interface textile-based capacitive sensor

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advanced Intelligent Routing Protocol for Energy-Aware Wireless sensor Networks with advanced Mobile Sink Monitoring

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JOURNAL OF NETWORK AND systems MANAGEMENT 2025年第1期33卷 1-33页

作者： Guo, Chengjun Univ Elect Sci & Technol China Sch Automat Engn Chengdu 611731 Sichuan Peoples R China

Wireless sensor Networks (WSNs), key components in the Internet of Things (IoT), are widely used in fields such as environmental monitoring, healthcare, and facility management. These networks consist of resource-constrained sensors that collect, process, and transmit data. One of the primary challenges in WSNs is managing mobile sinks, which move to gather data but can disrupt routing and increase energy consumption. This study proposes an advanced intelligent routing protocol designed specifically for mobile sinks in energy-aware WSNs, which optimizes data routing, reduces latency, and extends network lifespan. The protocol's design leverages intelligent monitoring and adaptive clustering to address energy efficiency, minimize control overhead, and improve data delivery speed. Simulations show a 42% improvement in end-to-end latency and a 38% increase in throughput over previous methods, demonstrating significant enhancements in performance. These improvements highlight the protocol's potential in smart monitoring applications, offering robust data management and network sustainability.

关键词： Internet of Things (IoT) Energy efficiency Mobile sink Hierarchical sensor network Intelligent monitoring

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sensor-Based Measurement System for Welding Torch Position

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IEEE sensorS JOURNAL 2025年第4期25卷 6183-6192页

作者： Lajber, Kristof Szolosi, Jozsef Szekeres, Bela J. Ando, Matyas Eotv Lorand Univ ELTE Savaria Inst Technol H-9700 Szombathely Hungary Eotv Lorand Univ ELTE Fac Informat Dept Numer Anal H-1117 Budapest Hungary Eotv Lorand Univ ELTE Inst Comp Sci Fac Informat H-1117 Budapest Hungary

In modern industrial settings, adopting data-driven methodologies in manufacturing processes has become essential. Reliable tools capable of providing real-time data on the operational status of equipment form the foundation of advanced automated systems. Such data can be used to develop digital systems that support decision-making processes based on real-time insights. This research presents the development of a sensor-based measurement system designed to accurately monitor the position of the welding torch in arc welding applications. The system integrates the sensor into a protective housing affixed to the welding torch and connects it to specialized software for data acquisition. Testing has demonstrated that the system delivers the precision required during welding operations, enabling real-time data visualization. The system was developed using electronic components, programming techniques, and additive manufacturing technologies.

关键词： Welding sensors Standards Robot sensing systems ISO Standards sensor phenomena and characterization Robots sensor systems Mechanical sensors Manuals Measurement system robotized technology sensor technologies welding parameters welding technology

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All-Carbon Piezoresistive sensor: Enhanced Sensitivity and Wide Linear Range via Multiscale Design for Wearable applications

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advanced FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2025年第15期35卷

作者： xiang, Qixuan Zhao, Guanjie Tang, Tao Zhang, Hao Liu, Zhiyuan Zhang, xianglong Zhao, Yaping Tan, Huijun Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ Frontiers Sci Ctr Transformat Mol Sch Chem & Chem Engn Shanghai 200240 Peoples R China Columbia Univ Fu Fdn Sch Engn & Appl Sci New York NY 10027 USA Chinese Acad Sci Univ Chinese Acad Sci Shanghai Inst Organ Chem State Key Lab Chem Biol Shanghai 200032 Peoples R China

Piezoresistive sensors are indispensable in applications such as healthcare monitoring, artificial intelligence, and advanced communication systems. However, achieving wearable sensors that offer both high sensitivity and a wide linear range remains a significant challenge. Here, an all-carbon piezoresistive sensor is presented, named, featuring high biocompatibility, chemical stability, environmental sustainability, and a straightforward fabrication process. This sensor, integrating a double-sided pyramidal carbon aerogel (DPA) as the sensing layer, a silicone frame as the elastic support (ES), and superhydrophobic graphene-coated nylon fabric as the breathable conductive substrate (BCS), was named as DPA-ES@BCS. Finite element analysis confirms that the synergistic interaction between the DPA and silicone frame enhances the sensor's sensitivity while extending its linear range. This multiscale design achieves an exceptional sensitivity of 37.3 kPa-1, a broad linear detection ranges from 0 to 1.4 MPa, and outstanding stability over 30 000 cycles. Additionally, the high-performance wearable sensor is well-suited for real-time physiological signal monitoring and demonstrates exceptional capability in voice recognition, accurately distinguishing words using machine learning algorithms. Moreover, the DPA-ES@BCS sensor array shows great potential for enhancing information security through dual-factor authentication. This approach not only advances the piezoresistive performance of all-carbon sensors but also provides a strong foundation for developing next-generation sensor technologies.

关键词： all-carbon high sensitivity human-machine interaction piezoresistive sensors wide linear range

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Design and demonstration of a large range precision grating sensor for simultaneous measurement of out-of-plane motions

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MEASUREMENT 2025年 249卷

作者： Luo, Linbin Cao, Feifan Wang, Shengtong Li, xinghui Tsinghua Univ Tsinghua Shenzhen Int Grad Sch Shenzhen 518055 Peoples R China

This paper presents a novel grating sensor designed for high-precision measurement with an extensive range, addressing the demand for monitoring and measuring out-of-plane multi-degree-of-freedom posture of in- plane displacement systems. A high-precision spot positioning algorithm and mathematical model based on the defocused quadrant photodetector model are proposed for the first time. The defocused model effectively expands the measurement range of the grating sensor, while the proposed algorithm significantly enhances the measurement accuracy of the common-path range bridging approach with coarse-fine integration. An integrated grating sensor system was constructed and subjected to comprehensive performance validation experiments. Experimental results indicate that the sensor achieves a resolution better than 0.04 '' and 50 nm, reaching sub-arcsecond and sub-micrometer measurement accuracy over a large measurement range (theta x- 10000 '', theta y-10000 '', theta z-10000 '', and Z-1.5 mm). These results highlight the advanced capabilities of the proposed grating sensor and its significant potential for future applications.

关键词： Large range measurement Defocused light spot positioning Multi-degree-of-freedom Grating sensor Common-path range bridging

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Human Occupancy Monitoring and Positioning with Speed-Responsive Adaptive Sliding Window Using an Infrared Thermal Array sensor

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sensorS 2025年第1期25卷 129-129页

作者： Lin, Yukai Zhao, Qiangfu Univ Aizu Dept Comp & Informat Syst Aizu Wakamatsu Fukushima 9658580 Japan

In the current era of advanced IoT technology, human occupancy monitoring and positioning technology is widely used in various scenarios. For example, it can optimize passenger flow in public transportation systems, enhance safety in large shopping malls, and adjust smart home devices based on the location and number of occupants for energy savings. Additionally, in homes requiring special care, it can provide timely assistance. However, this technology faces limitations such as privacy concerns, environmental factors, and costs. Traditional cameras may not effectively address these issues, but infrared thermal sensors can offer similar applications while overcoming these challenges. Infrared thermal sensors detect the infrared heat emitted by the human body, protecting privacy and functioning effectively day and night with low power consumption, making them ideal for continuous monitoring scenarios like security systems or elderly care. In this study, we propose a system using the AMG8833, an 8 x 8 Infrared Thermal Array sensor. The sensor data are processed through interpolation, adaptive thresholding, and blob detection, and the merged human heat signatures are separated. To enhance stability in human position estimation, a dynamic sliding window adjusts its size based on movement speed, effectively handling environmental changes and uncertainties.

关键词： occupancy monitoring indoor positioning infrared thermal array sensor adaptive threshold

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Tree leaf-inspired magnetic nanogenerator for energy harvesting and potential sensing applications

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MEASUREMENT 2025年 251卷

作者： Nazar, Ali Matin xu, Haiwei Zhejiang Univ Univ Illinois Urbana Champaign Inst Haining 314400 Peoples R China Zhejiang Univ Coll Civil Engn & Architecture Hangzhou 310058 Peoples R China

The development of hybrid energy harvesting systems has gained significant attention for their potential in powering self-sustaining devices and facilitating advanced sensing applications. This paper presents the tree leafinspired magnetic nanogenerator (TL-MNG), a novel system that integrates triboelectric, piezoelectric, and electromagnetic nanogenerators into a single platform. Designed to mimic the motion and energy conversion efficiency of natural tree leaves, the TL-MNG demonstrates remarkable capabilities in mechanical energy harvesting and real-time sensing. Experimental results reveal that the TL-MNG achieved a maximum voltage output of 4.0 V using the copper-based freestanding triboelectric nanogenerators with Kapton as the dielectric material. This configuration demonstrated superior performance compared to other setups, highlighting the role of material selection and design optimization. The TL-MNG's hybrid structure enables it to function effectively as a low-cost, non-invasive sensor, with potential applications in traffic monitoring, environmental sensing, and smart infrastructure systems. These findings underscore the potential of TL-MNG systems in advancing sustainable energy solutions and intelligent monitoring technologies.

关键词： Triboelectric and piezoelectric nanogenerators Hybrid energy harvesting Self-powered sensing Magnetic field Transportation engineering

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A Four-Port Reconfigurable Antenna sensor of Sensing Multiple Parameters for Smart Agricultural Monitoring

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IEEE sensorS JOURNAL 2025年第4期25卷 7107-7120页

作者： Liu, Lu Yi Lin, Dan Ni Poddar, Ajay K. Rohde, Ulrich L. Tong, Mei Song Tongji Univ Dept Elect Sci & Technol Shanghai 201804 Peoples R China Synergy Microwave Corp Paterson NJ 07504 USA

In the transformation of future smart agriculture paradigms, Internet of Things (IoT) technology is regarded as a pivotal factor driving environmental perception in farming. Chipless radio frequency identification (CRFID) technology is a potential technology that will bring huge added value to advanced passive IoT-based sensing systems. However, developing CRFID sensors with controllable modes and integrated multiparameter integration remains a major challenge. In this article, we propose a novel reconfigurable four-port antenna-based sensor with multiparameter characteristics. By integrating multiple sensor arrays designed with special sensitive materials on the same plane, we achieve flexible channel reuse and sensing mode reconstruction. The sensor is completely passive and reusable, enabling long-term synchronous sensing and information transmission in critical areas where power supply is difficult to obtain. The small dimensions of the sensor increase susceptibility to coupling interference in multichannel and multiple sensing unit array designs. Therefore, we jointly optimize the sensor's structure and layout to enhance isolation between sensor elements. Finally, we design and demonstrate a passive sensing system for monitoring relative humidity (hereafter called humidity) and pH levels, and verify the potential value of the passive multiparameter sensing system in future precision agriculture (PA) applications through experiments.

关键词： sensors Antennas Temperature sensors Monitoring Microstrip Intelligent sensors Radiofrequency identification sensor systems sensor phenomena and characterization Humidity Chipless radio frequency identification (CRFID) multiparameter sensing passive sensor precision agriculture (PA)

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Liquid Metal Reversible Contacts for Flexible Tactile sensor with High Sensitivity and Wide Detection Range

ADVANCED INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS

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advanced INTELLIGENT systems 2025年第0期

作者： Dong, Shuai Ma, Gang xiong, Zhaowan Ge, Du-An Guo, Yipu Li, Weihua Zhang, Shiwu Univ Sci & Technol China Inst Humanoid Robots Dept Precis Machinery & Precis Instrumentat Hefei 230026 Anhui Peoples R China Univ Wollongong Sch Mech Mat Mechatron & Biomed Engn Wollongong NSW 2522 Australia

Flexible tactile sensors inspired by human skin enable significant potential applications, including e-skin for intelligent robotics, wearable healthcare devices, and human-machine interfaces. Although the application of liquid metals (LM) and their composites has improved the stretchability of various tactile sensors, there remains a considerable gap between the performance of current flexible tactile sensors and human skin, attributed to their limited sensitivity and narrow working range. In this work, a liquid metal droplet (LMD)-based flexible tactile sensor that achieves both high-pressure sensitivity of 3 x 10(-2) kPa(-1) and a wide working range from 50 Pa to 1.2 MPa is proposed. The novel sensor consists of an LMD array in which each pair of droplets is connected by an electrolyte solution within the polydimethylsiloxane microchannel grid. It is demonstrated that the 2-LMD sensor is capable of detecting human motion and physiological signals, while the electrical impedance tomography-based 3.5 x 3.5 cm sensor can detect the shape and position of single-point, multipoint, and other complex contact using only eight evenly distributed electrodes along the sensor's edge. These findings highlight the promising potential of the sensors in future robotic and wearable electronic applications.

关键词： electrical impedance tomography flexible tactile sensors liquid metals reversible contact behavior

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