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FPGA-based artificial neural network using CORDIC modules

FPGA-based artificial neural network using CORDIC modules

引用

conference on advanced signal processing algorithms, architectures, and implementations xVI

作者： Liddicoat, Albert A. Slivovsky, Lynne A. McLenegan, Tim Heyer, Don Calif Polytech State Univ San Luis Obispo Dept Elect Engn San Luis Obispo CA 93407 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819463922

Artificial neural networks have been used in applications that require complex procedural algorithms and in systems which lack an analytical mathematic model. By designing a large network of computing nodes based on the artificial neuron model, new solutions can be developed for computational problems in fields such as image processing and speech recognition. Neural networks are inherently parallel since each neuron, or node, acts as an autonomous computational element. Artificial neural networks use a mathematical model for each node that processes information from other nodes in the same region. The information processing entails computing a weighted average computation followed by a nonlinear mathematical transformation. Some typical artificial neural network applications use the exponential function or trigonometric functions for the nonlinear transformation. Various simple artificial neural networks have been implemented using a processor to compute the output for each node sequentially. This approach uses sequential processing and does not take advantage of the parallelism of a complex artificial neural network. In this work a hardware-based approach is investigated for artificial neural network applications. A Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) is used to implement an artificial neuron using hardware multipliers, adders and CORDIC functional units. In order to create a large scale artificial neural network, area efficient hardware units such as CORDIC units are needed. High performance and low cost bit serial CORDIC implementations are presented. Finally, the FPGA resources and the performance of a hardware-based artificial neuron are presented.

关键词： computer arithmetic field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) higher-level functions reconfigurable computing digital signal processing and artificial neural networks

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Efficient implementations of pipelined CORDIC based IIR digital filters using fast orthonormal μ-rotations

Efficient implementations of pipelined CORDIC based IIR digi...

引用

SPIE conference on advanced signal processing algorithms, architectures, and implementations VIII

作者： Ma, J Parhi, KK Hekstra, GJ Deprettere, EF Univ Minnesota Dept ECE Minneapolis MN 55455 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819429163

CORDIC based IIR digital filters are orthogonal filters whose internal computations consist of orthogonal transformations. These filters possess desirable properties for VLSI implementations such as regularity, local connection, low sensitivity to finite word-length implementation, and elimination of limit cycles. Recently, fine-grain pipelined CORDIC based IIR digital filter architectures which can perform the filtering operations at arbitrarily high sample rates at the cost of linear increase in hardware complexity have been developed. These pipelined architectures consist of only Givens rotations and a few additions which can be mapped onto CORDIC arithmetic based processors. However, in practical applications, implementations of Givens rotations using traditional CORDIC arithmetic are quite expensive. For example, for 16 bit accuracy, using floating point data format with 16 bit mantissa and 5 bit exponent, it will require approximately 20 pairs of shift-add operations for one Givens rotation. In this paper, we propose an efficient implementation of pipelined CORDIC based IIR digital filters based on fast orthonormal mu-rotations. Using this method, the Givens rotations are approximated by angles corresponding to orthonormal mu-rotations, which are based on the idea of CORDIC and can perform rotation with minimal number of shift-add operations. We present various methods of construction for such orthonormal mu-rotations. A significant reduction (over 76%) of the number of required shift-add operations is achieved. All types of fast rotations can be implemented as a cascade of only four basic types of shift-add stages. These stages can be executed on a modified floating-point CORDIC architecture, making the pipelined filter highly suitable for VLSI implementations.

关键词： orthogonal IIR digital filters pipelining approximate rotations orthonormal mu-rotations CORDIC architecture

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TIME-VARYING POLYSPECTRA AND REDUCED WIGNER-VILLE TRISPECTRUM

TIME-VARYING POLYSPECTRA AND REDUCED WIGNER-VILLE TRISPECTRU...

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CONF ON advanced signal processing algorithms, architectures, AND implementations 3

作者： BOASHASH, B RISTIC, B Queensland Univ. of Technology (Australia)

ISBN: (纸本)081940943X

This paper consists of two parts. The first part reviews a class of higher-order Wigner-Ville distributions projected onto a single frequency axis. This class is referred to as polynomial Wigner-Ville distributions (PWVDs). For random processes, the expected value of PWVDs represent time-varying higher-order moment spectra. The second part defines and studies a particular member of a class of time-varying higher-order spectra based on PWVDs, namely a reduced Wigner-Ville trispectrum (RWVT). This novel time-frequency representation is shown to be a very efficient tool for analysis of FM signals affected by Gaussian amplitude modulation. In the paper, we present a statistical comparison of the RWVT and WVD based instantaneous frequency estimates for linear FM signals in absence and in presence of multiplicative noise. For multicomponent signals, the RWVT has to be re-defined and calculated in the full multi-lag domain.

关键词： Fermium Frequency modulation Interference (communication) signal to noise ratio Time-frequency analysis Modulation signal processing Statistical analysis Amplitude modulation signal analyzers

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INSTANTANEOUS AMPLITUDE AND FREQUENCY ESTIMATION - PERFORMANCE BOUNDS AND APPLICATIONS TO SOURCE LOCALIZATION

INSTANTANEOUS AMPLITUDE AND FREQUENCY ESTIMATION - PERFORMAN...

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CONF ON advanced signal processing algorithms, architectures, AND implementations 2

作者： ARUN, KS LIANG, RM Univ. of Illinois/Urbana-Champaign (United States)

ISBN: (纸本)0819406945

Estimation and tracking of the instantaneous amplitudes and frequencies of superimposed, slowly varying narrowband signals is a difficult signal processing problem that shows up in many applications. Our approach to this problem is to achieve global noise averaging via SVD-based rank reduction of a matrix constructed from the entire data record. Compared to methods that use local noise averaging using many smaller matrices, the strength of the new approach is in affecting better noise reduction at a lower computational cost. Moreover, no model is needed for the variation of the amplitudes and frequencies with time. In this paper, Cramer-Rao bounds for the variance of the error in tracking the instantaneous amplitudes and frequencies (without assuming a parametric model for their variation with time) will be presented. In addition, we will also show how the algorithm can be used on sensor array data to estimate range and direction of multiple narrow-band sources.

关键词： Sensors signal processing Detection and tracking algorithms signal to noise ratio Source localization Data modeling Denoising Matrices Array processing Data analysis

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APPLICATION OF CUMULANT TVHOS TO THE ANALYSIS OF COMPOSITE FM signalS IN MULTIPLICATIVE AND ADDITIVE NOISE 4

APPLICATION OF CUMULANT TVHOS TO THE ANALYSIS OF COMPOSITE F...

引用

4TH CONF ON advanced signal processing algorithms, architectures, AND implementations

作者： BOASHASH, B RISTICH, B Queensland Univ. of Technology (Australia)

ISBN: (纸本)0819412767

The paper addresses two questions of time-varying higher-order spectra (TVHOS), whose solutions are essential for the further development of these methods and their applicability to a wide range of situations. They are: (1) defining cumulant TVHOS and (2) predicting the behavior of TVHOS of composite signals. It is shown first that the cumulant Wigner-Ville trispectrum (as a particular member of cumulant TVHOS), can preserve the essential properties of cumulant higher-order spectra (e.g., eliminates Gaussian additive noise) and at the same time is able to characterize the time-variations of the signal's spectral (i.e., trispectral) content. Secondly, when dealing with composite FM signals, a special kind of `non-oscillating cross-terms' appear in the moment TVHOS time-frequency subspace. These cross-terms cannot be eliminated by smoothing the WVT, but rather by appropriate slicing of the full time-multi-frequency space.

关键词： Fermium Frequency modulation Composites Time-frequency analysis Interference (communication) signal processing Smoothing signal analyzers Chromium Nonlinear optics

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INSTANTANEOUS FREQUENCY AND KERNEL REQUIREMENTS FOR DISCRETE TIME-FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS

INSTANTANEOUS FREQUENCY AND KERNEL REQUIREMENTS FOR DISCRETE...

引用

CONF ON advanced signal-processing algorithms, architectures, AND implementations

作者： JEONG, JH CUNNINGHAM, GS WILLIAMS, WJ Univ. of Michigan (United States)

ISBN: (纸本)0819404098

In this paper we introduce a new definition for the instantaneous frequency of a discrete-time analytic signal. Unlike the existing definition which uses only two data samples around a particular time this method utilizes all the data samples for estimating the instantaneous frequency. We prove that this quantity is identical to the average frequency evaluated at the particular time in the discrete-time TFD. This property is consistent with the analogous continuous-time property. We also derive requirements on the discrete-time kernel needed to satisfy this property. Using computer-generated signals and real data performance comparisons are made between the proposed approach and the existing one.

关键词： Time-frequency analysis Data analysis signal analyzers Statistical analysis

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MULTISCALE signal-DETECTION IN FRACTIONAL BROWNIAN-MOTION

MULTISCALE SIGNAL-DETECTION IN FRACTIONAL BROWNIAN-MOTION

引用

CONF ON advanced signal-processing algorithms, architectures, AND implementations

作者： TEWFIK, AH KIM, M Univ. of Minnesota (United States)

A multiresolution model of a discrete fractional Brownian motion is developed. The model leads to a multiscale algorithm for constructing the optimal filter that must be used in detection problems involving a fraction... 详细信息

ISBN: (纸本)0819404098

关键词： signal detection Motion models Linear filtering Optimal filtering Detection and tracking algorithms Interference (communication) Sensors Algorithm development Atmospheric modeling Physics

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Application of higher-order cepstral techniques in problems of fetal heart signal extraction 6

Application of higher-order cepstral techniques in problems ...

引用

conference on advanced signal processing algorithms, architectures, and implementations VI

作者： SabryRizk, M Zgallai, W Hardiman, P ORiordan, J CITY UNIV LONDON DEPT ELECT ENGNSIGNAL PROC GRPLONDON EC1V 0HBENGLAND

ISBN: (纸本)0819422347

Recently, cepstral analysis based on second order statistics and homomorphic filtering techniques have been used in the adaptive decomposition of overlapping, or otherwise, and noise contaminated ECG complexes of mothers and fetals obtained by a transabdominal surface electrodes connected to a monitoring instrument, an interface card, and a PC. Differential time delays of fetal heart beats measured from a reference point located on the mother complex after transformation to cepstra domains are first obtained and this is followed by fetal heart rate variability computations. Homomorphic filtering in the complex cepstral domain and the subuent transformation to the time domain results in fetal complex recovery. However, three problems have been identified with second-order based cepstral techniques that needed rectification in this paper. These are (1) errors resulting from the phase unwrapping algorithms and leading to fetal complex perturbation, (2) the unavoidable conversion of noise statistics from Gaussianess to non-Gaussianess due to the highly non-linear nature of homomorphic transform does warrant stringent noise cancellation routines, (3) due to the aforementioned problems in (1) and (2), it is difficult to adaptively optimize windows to include all individual fetal complexes in the time domain based on amplitude thresholding routines in the complex cepstral domain (i.e. the task of `zooming' in on weak fetal complexes requires more processing time). The use of third-order based high resolution differential cepstrum technique results in recovery of the delay of the order of 120 milliseconds.

关键词： advanced signal processing techniques non-linear adaptive filtering differential bicepstral applications non-invasive fetal ECG monitoring

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Adaptive cluster selection for collaborative beamforming in ground sensors communications with UAV

Adaptive cluster selection for collaborative beamforming in ...

引用

advanced signal processing algorithms, architectures, and implementations xV

作者： Hsiao, P.H. Kung, H.T. Gans, M.J. Suter, B.W. Harvard Univ. United States AFRL IFGC United States

No abstract available

关键词： Sensors signal to noise ratio Transmitters Phased arrays Antennas Receivers Unmanned aerial vehicles Matrices Space operations Gallium nitride

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Design of a color image processing algorithm using on-line arithmetic modules

Design of a color image processing algorithm using on-line a...

引用

conference on advanced signal processing algorithms, architectures, and implementations xIV

作者： Sinky, MH Tenca, AF Shantilal, AC Lucchese, L Oregon State Univ Corvallis OR 97331 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819454974

A new class of nonlinear filters for color image processing was proposed by Lucchese and Mitra. This type of color filter processes the chromatic component of images encoded in the International Commission. on Illumination (CIE) u'v' color space. Images processed by this filter do not show color shifts near edges between regions with different intensities. The filter uses linear convolution operations internally and is effective and efficient for denoising and regularizing color images. Image processing systems are computationally intensive and usually require a large amount of area in order to reach desirable levels of performance. The use off on-line arithmetic can decrease the area of the hardware implementation and still maintain a reasonable throughput. This work presents the design of the color filter as a network of on-line arithmetic modules. The network topology and some detail of each arithmetic module are provided. The final implementation targets FPGAs and it is compared in terms of area against an estimate of a conventional design. The throughput of this solution is capable of supporting real-time processing of common image formats.

关键词： achromatic chromatic convolution DSP DIP FPGA on-line arithmetic RGB SRT division

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