A 3-D range sensor system for an autonomous mobile robot is reported. It is important for a mobile robot to recognize spaces of passage. In this sensor system, the passage space is detected with an active vision senso...
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A 3-D range sensor system for an autonomous mobile robot is reported. It is important for a mobile robot to recognize spaces of passage. In this sensor system, the passage space is detected with an active vision sensor using a fiber grating, laser diode, and CCD camera. The fiber grating vision sensor can easily obtain 3-D information about the object. In the authors' system, the object is the floor and the system measures the height of the floor. In this case the height is nearly equal to zero, so the robot can perceive that the measured area is passable. An image processing module using a transputer (T805) is developed for this purpose. In this paper, the principle of the sensor and the method for passage space recognition are presented. The hardware and software of the system for the authors' autonomous mobile robot "Yamabico" is presented. Experimental results are also presented.< >
Real time, in situ measurement of film thickness is of crucial importance for many manufacturing processes of high-end electronic and opto-electronic devices. Most in situ process control strategies depend heavily on ...
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Real time, in situ measurement of film thickness is of crucial importance for many manufacturing processes of high-end electronic and opto-electronic devices. Most in situ process control strategies depend heavily on large data bases of process and material parameters. With RSPI film thickness and temperature are evaluated together with optical material parameters in real time using the measured data only. Material and process parameters need not to be known for evaluation. In this paper we concentrate on real time, in situ determination of film thickness and optical constants by RSPI. Temperature measurements by RSPI are discussed elsewhere. As far as the physical measurement principle for film thickness is concerned, RSPI is identical to similar intensity based monochromatic interferometric methods like Dynamical optical Reflectivity (DOR), etc. The main progress made by RSPI compared to similar inteferometric methods concerns the evaluation algorithms, which made RSPI the only intensity based measurement approach so far suitable for in situ film thickness monitoring of multi-layer stacks and real time in situ evaluation of composition (via determination of optical constants). RSPI has been proven to be a suitable method for in situ monitoring of growth in silicon processing. Data from Si/sub (1-x)/Ge/sub x/ Rapid Thermal Chemical Vapour Deposition (RTCVD) growth on Si wafers as well as poly-Si on a Si wafer coated with 200 nm of Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/ are presented. Further experiments have been carried out during wet silicon oxidation. In most cases thickness resolution has been better than 0.5 nm. The in situ determination of optical constants by RSPI agrees within 1% with literature values.
This paper presents some advanced examples of reactive vision-based cooperative behaviors: 1) chasing and posing against another robot among others; 2) unblocking the path of another robot by removing an obstacle; and...
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This paper presents some advanced examples of reactive vision-based cooperative behaviors: 1) chasing and posing against another robot among others; 2) unblocking the path of another robot by removing an obstacle; and 3) passing an object from one to another. These behaviors are demonstrated using real mobile robots equipped with CCD cameras, in a complex environment, and with no central controller or explicit communication among the robots. The action observation is based on real time processing of optical flow analysis and stereo tracking. An extended behavior-based architecture for "cooperation by observation" is presented. The core extension consists of a mobile space buffer and an image space buffer with manipulable markers which control the internal flow of information, thereby coordinating parallel behaviors and achieving purposive tasks in complex and dynamic environments.< >
The proceedings contain 142 papers. The topics discussed include: optical neural networks based on photorefractive beam fanning;photorefractive fiber storage, switching, interconnects, and the technological challenges...
ISBN:
(纸本)9780819413109
The proceedings contain 142 papers. The topics discussed include: optical neural networks based on photorefractive beam fanning;photorefractive fiber storage, switching, interconnects, and the technological challenges;present capabilities in the use of opticalinformationprocessing devices in the supercomputer architecture;new space-integrating acousto-optic correlator operating mode: linear filtering and forming of video-signals;parallel optoelectronic systems for computing and communications;optical commutation based on AO effects in Ti-diffused waveguides in LINBO3;chemically enhanced bacteriorhodopsin thin film spatial light modulator;integrated magnetooptic Bragg cell device modules for informationprocessing;acoustooptoelectronical devises for processing of spread spectrum sygnals;integrated optical multichannel acousto-electro-optic device;and wideband (20MHz-160MHz) acoustooptical standing wave modulator for fluorometry and mode synchronization.
In the Real World Computing Program, optics provides new device technology as well as new architectures and new algorithms, which aims at flexible informationprocessing by employing massively parallel and massively d...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0780314212
In the Real World Computing Program, optics provides new device technology as well as new architectures and new algorithms, which aims at flexible informationprocessing by employing massively parallel and massively distributed processing. Classified into three categories is optical technology to be developed in the program. These are namely, optical interconnection, optical neural systems, and optical digital systems.
The conventional Synthetic Discriminant Function (SDF) filters are complex-valued and thus cannot be accommodated on spatial light modulators that can represent only a subset of all possible values in the complex plan...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819409456
The conventional Synthetic Discriminant Function (SDF) filters are complex-valued and thus cannot be accommodated on spatial light modulators that can represent only a subset of all possible values in the complex plane. Here, we compare the performance of different SDF filters designed to satisfy certain device restrictions.
In this thesis we investigate the fundamental energy requirements of opticalprocessing and computing systems and assess their implied impact on the feasibility and optimization of potential algorithms, architectures ...
In this thesis we investigate the fundamental energy requirements of opticalprocessing and computing systems and assess their implied impact on the feasibility and optimization of potential algorithms, architectures and device configurations. These considerations are subsequently used to examine the possible advantages of analog optical processor implementations over their digital counterparts, and the resulting trade-offs between energy cost of representation, computational complexity and accuracy of calculations. The advantages of analog processors come from the inherent parallelism available in opticalsystems and the relative ease of implementation of analog interconnections. The goal of this investigation is twofold: to examine the physical and technological limitations that pertain to issues of representation, computation, and detection of information in such optical analog processors; and to demonstrate that such processors offer the potential of operation much closer to the fundamental boundaries than digital systems. The study of fundamental physical limitations of digital electronic systems is well established, and comparable studies of opticalsystems have exam ined such issues as they relate to digital optical computing. In the first half of this thesis we address fundamental and technological issues that pertain to ana log opticalprocessing. Using energy as a metric with which to assess the over all cost of computation, we examine the fundamental requirements imposed by an analog data representation. It is of particular importance to determine both the type of data representation scheme and its physical implementation that maximize computational rate for a fixed input energy. We compare and contrast the inherently different limits derived for analog and digital implementations in order to determine which approach is more favorable from the point of view of a fixed input power budget at a given desired throughput computational rate. Our results show
In order to improve our ability to use electromagnetic fields to diagnose and treat disease, it would be helpful to know the electric conductivity in the interior of the body. In order to obtain this information, our ...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819411140
In order to improve our ability to use electromagnetic fields to diagnose and treat disease, it would be helpful to know the electric conductivity in the interior of the body. In order to obtain this information, our group of Rensselaer has built devices, which we call Adaptive Current Tomograph (ACT) systems, that apply small currents to the body through electrodes stuck to the skin. The ACT systems measure the induced voltages, and send all the current and voltage information to the computer, which uses an algorithm to process the data and reconstruct approximate images of the conductivity and permittivity in the interior.
We have developed a parallel Raster Image Processor that generates the laser beam control information on-the-fly, obviating the need for image storage, and in real-time. The system exhibits a nearly linear speedup in ...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819412368
We have developed a parallel Raster Image Processor that generates the laser beam control information on-the-fly, obviating the need for image storage, and in real-time. The system exhibits a nearly linear speedup in the number of processors used: It is therefore possible to achieve the very high pixel rates requested by the laser recorder. The system is composed of a variable number of processors and can hence be scaled, depending on the speed of the laser recorder. The software architecture of the system allows transparent execution of a large class of sequential algorithms on the parallel hardware.
Applications of complex-valued neural networks for optical signal processing using a phase sensitive detection scheme are discussed with fully opticalsystems and opto-electronic hybrid systems. It is found in this pa...
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Applications of complex-valued neural networks for optical signal processing using a phase sensitive detection scheme are discussed with fully opticalsystems and opto-electronic hybrid systems. It is found in this paper that, in the case of fully opticalinformationprocessingsystems, there is a possibility that many advantages of complex-valued neural networks are realized directly utilizing physical interaction of lightwave and materials. On the other hand, a hybrid system using both optical and electronic networks with O/E and E/O interface devices are more feasible in the present state of the art to construct a workable system. In the hybrid system, we can construct flexible networks making use of both the high-order parallelability of optical circuits and the memory function available easily in electronic circuits.
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