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检索条件"任意字段=Conference on Current Developments in Lens Design and Optical Engineering III"

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Electrostatic Focusing System with high value of demagnification

Electrostatic Focusing System with high value of demagnifica...

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conference on current developments in lens design and optical engineering Xiii

作者： Abgaryan, Artush A. Levi, Eli AISC Inc Hauppauge NY 11788 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9780819492036

For E-beam transmission and transforming we developed an electrostatic focusing device with extraordinary demagnification and abilities for 100% transmission of an electron beam with uniform distribution of current density. This experimental electrostatic focusing system consists of two sections;the first is field formation and second is field free -for measurement space(1). The purpose of this article is to present the experimental results from our electro-optical system. The measurement instrument used in the laboratory set up is an adjustable scanning system, which includes a faraday cup with a 14um diameter tungsten wire, for measuring different cross sections. The measurement of the crossover point is based on a combination of theoretical and experimental processes. The theoretical uses calculations from the " CPO"(2) program and the experimental measures different cross sections which are much larger than the diameter of the tungsten wire. Theoretically, from trajectory calculations, the crossover point is approximately 0.446 mu m. This estimation is obtained by drawing an isosceles triangle from the experimental results and comparing it to another isosceles triangle created from the theoretically calculated trajectories. Both triangles together have a geometrically proportional ratio and differ by about one percent or less. The design of the electrostatic focusing system is achieved utilizing the CGMR (Cone and Golden Mean Ratio) approach (1, 3 and 4). This system is suitable for use in X-ray tubes(5), e-beam lithography, SEM, high speed photonic technology, and also for any EOS.

关键词： Electro-optical systems CRT EBL SEM X-Ray tube electro-vacuum devices

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Modeling of diffractive optical elements for lens design

Modeling of diffractive optical elements for lens design

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current developments in optical design and optical engineering iii

作者： Rayces, Juan L. Lebich, Lan OCA Applied Optics Inc. Laguna Niguel CA USA

ISBN: (纸本)081941249X

The use of a standard aspheric profile to describe conventional optical elements in lens design programs has advantages such as independent verification of lens system performance by different individuals, ease of interpretation by different manufacturers, etc. A model of diffractive optical element is proposed for consideration as a standard form to have similar benefits. Diffractive elements are characterized here by (1) the equation of the supporting surface (substrate), and (2) the phase function. The phase function itself consists of two terms: (a) the stigmatic phase term, and (b) the astigmatic phase term. The stigmatic phase term is a rotationally symmetric function and is related to the property of the diffraction element to image free from aberration one axial point onto another, as in holograms, at a specific (reference) wavelength. The astigmatic phase term is an arbitrary function of the space coordinates, it takes several forms: it can impart aspheric deformations (or corrections) to incident wave fronts or it can be used to model different types of gratings.

关键词： lenses

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Ultra-precision linear actuator for optical systems

Ultra-precision linear actuator for optical systems

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conference on current developments in lens design and optical Systems engineering

作者： Nalbandian, R Moog Inc Schaeffer Magnet Div Chatsworth CA USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819437387

The Ultra-Precision Linear Actuator presented in this paper was developed for the Next Generation Space Telescope's (NGST) primary mirror surface figure control. The development was a joint effort between Alson E. Hatheway, Inc (AEH) and Moog, Schaeffer Magnetics Division(SMD)(1). The goal of this project was to demonstrate an extremely light weight, relatively high stiffness actuator capable of operating uniformly well over the range of 20 degreesK to 300 degreesK and achieving diffraction-limited performance (+/-10 nm) in the optical band for weeks at a time, while consuming no electrical power and dissipating no heat. The essence of the design challenge was to develop a lightweight, high stiffness, low power, thermally stable linear positioning mechanism. Actuation systems with resolutions comparable to that of this design normally are operated in a closed-loop control system to compensate for any non-linearities and hysteresis inherent in their enabling technologies, such as piezoelectric and magnetostrictive transducers. These technologies require continuous application of power and therefore are not low power consumption devices. The development challenge was met through the use of Alson E. Hatheway's (AEH) patented Rubicon elastic transducer(2) which consists of two elastic elements;a soft spring and a stiff flexural member. Deflection of the soft spring applies a force input to the stiff flexure, which responds with a proportionally reduced output deflection. To maintain linearity, the displacements, and hence the stresses, developed in both elastic members are kept well below the elastic yield strength of the material. The AEH transducer is inherently linear and hysteresis free.

关键词： linear actuator precision nanometer optical

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Ionic polymer metal composite to achieve optical zoom function in a compact camera

Ionic polymer metal composite to achieve optical zoom functi...

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conference on current developments in lens design and optical engineering XIV

作者： Chen, Wei-Hsiang Su, Guo-Dung Natl Taiwan Univ Grad Inst Photon & Optoelect Taipei 106 Taiwan

ISBN: (纸本)9780819496911

Nowadays, there are many popular electronic devices consist of optical focus zooming systems. It is the trend to minimize optical systems in portable devices. For this purpose, we used deformable mirrors in optical systems that can make them thinner and lighter. The Ionic-Polymer Metal Composite (IPMC) is the critical component in our design of the deformable mirror. It has good bending feature and can be driven at low voltage (less than 5 volts). The IPMC fabrication processes contain three steps: acid clean, initial compositing process and surface electrode plating process. After the IPMC is completed, we coated the PDMS on the surface to improve the surface roughness. Then we deposit silver on one side as a reflective surface to finish our deformable mirror. Some characteristics of the IPMC deformable mirror would be demonstrated in the paper. By coating the PDMS on the IPMC surface, the surface roughness can be reduced to about 20 nm. The reflection of the silver layer is up to 90%. In our design, we make the reflective optical zoom module which consists of three biconic mirrors and two deformable mirrors. When we applied voltages on deformable mirrors, the reflective light is successfully focused after the deformation of elliptic IPMC. The zoom ratio of this module can be expected to 1.8 times. The deformable mirror can be changed from flat to 65 diopters (m(-1)) by about 3 volts.

关键词： ionic polymer metal composite (IPMC) polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS) deformable mirror

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Scalable MWIR and LWIR optical system designs employing a large spherical primary mirror and small refractive aberration correctors

Scalable MWIR and LWIR optical system designs employing a la...

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conference on current developments in lens design and optical engineering II

作者： Beach, D Ind Res Ltd Auckland New Zealand

ISBN: (纸本)0819441554

design variants of a recently developed optical imaging system have been computed for the thermal infrared spectral bands, which offer some advantages for long-range surveillance and astronomy. Only the spherical primary mirror has the fall pupil diameter, all other components being sub-diameter, so scaling is possible up to relatively large pupils. Low-cost fabrication is enabled by the prevalence of spherical optical surfaces. Both MWIR and LWIR spectral transmissions are enabled by the choice of corrector materials, the examples given employing germanium and sapphire for 3.5-5.5 mum and germanium and zinc selenide for 3.5-5.5[mum and 8-12mum passbands. Diffraction at these wavelengths is the main contributor to resolution constraints, so high numerical aperture values are preferred to enable a better match of blur spot diameter to generally available pixel dimensions. The systems described can routinely be designed to have speeds of f/0.8 or faster, while maintaining diffraction-limited performance over useful angular fields. Because the new design system employs a relayed catadioptric, it is possible to make the aperture stop of the system coincident with the window of the detector cryostat, enabling precise radiometric geometry. The central obscuration provides a convenient location for a calibration source, and both this and a mask for secondary spider supports can be included within the detector cold screen structure. Dual-band operation could be enabled by inclusion of a spectral beam splitter prior to a dual relay/imager system.

关键词： MWIR imaging LWIR imaging diffraction-limited spherical mirror optics high speed wide field

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Wavefront analysis from its slope data 18

Wavefront analysis from its slope data

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conference on current developments in lens design and optical engineering XViii

作者： Mahajan, Virendra N. Acosta, Eva Univ Arizona Coll Opt Sci Tucson AZ 85721 USA Univ Santiago de Compostela Dept Fis Aplicada Area Opt Galicia Spain

ISBN: (纸本)9781510612082;9781510612075

In the aberration analysis of a wavefront over a certain domain, the polynomials that are orthogonal over and represent balanced wave aberrations for this domain are used. For example, Zernike circle polynomials are used for the analysis of a circular wavefront. Similarly, the annular polynomials are used to analyze the annular wavefronts for systems with annular pupils, as in a rotationally symmetric two-mirror system, such as the Hubble space telescope. However, when the data available for analysis are the slopes of a wavefront, as, for example, in a Shack-Hartmann sensor, we can integrate the slope data to obtain the wavefront data, and then use the orthogonal polynomials to obtain the aberration coefficients. An alternative is to find vector functions that are orthogonal to the gradients of the wavefront polynomials, and obtain the aberration coefficients directly as the inner products of these functions with the slope data. In this paper, we show that an infinite number of vector functions can be obtained in this manner. We show further that the vector functions that are irrotational are unique and propagate minimum uncorrelated additive random noise from the slope data to the aberration coefficients.

关键词： Wavefront analysis wavefront slope data circular wavefront annular wavefront optical testing

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Multi-aperture microoptical system for close-up imaging 15

Multi-aperture microoptical system for close-up imaging

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conference on current developments in lens design and optical engineering XV

作者： Berlich, Rene Brueckner, Andreas Leitel, Robert Oberdoerster, Alexander Wippermann, Frank Braeuer, Andreas Fraunhofer Inst Appl Opt & Precis Engn D-07745 Jena Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781628412192

Modern applications in biomedical imaging, machine vision and security engineering require close-up optical systems with high resolution. Combined with the need for miniaturization and fast image acquisition of extended object fields, the design and fabrication of respective devices is extremely challenging. Standard commercial imaging solutions rely on bulky setups or depend on scanning techniques in order to meet the stringent requirements. Recently, our group has proposed a novel, multi-aperture approach based on parallel image transfer in order to overcome these constraints. It exploits state of the art microoptical manufacturing techniques on wafer level in order to create a compact, cost-effective system with a large field of view. However, initial prototypes have so far been subject to various limitations regarding their manufacturing, reliability and applicability. In this work, we demonstrate the optical design and fabrication of an advanced system, which overcomes these restrictions. In particular, a revised optical design facilitates a more efficient and economical fabrication process and inherently improves system reliability. An additional customized front side illumination module provides homogeneous white light illumination over the entire field of view while maintaining a high degree of compactness. Moreover, the complete imaging assembly is mounted on a positioning system. In combination with an extended working range, this allows for adjustment of the system's focus location. The final optical design is capable of capturing an object field of 36x24 mm(2) with a resolution of 150 cycles/mm. Finally, we present experimental results of the respective prototype that demonstrate its enhanced capabilities.

关键词： Multi-aperture imaging microoptics multi-channel optical design image sensors

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Improving efficiency of beam splitter for DVD pickup

Improving efficiency of beam splitter for DVD pickup

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conference on current developments in lens design and optical engineering V

作者： Chen, WJ Chen, CH Shieh, HPD Natl Taiwan Univ Sci & Technol Dept Elect Engn Taipei 106 Taiwan

ISBN: (纸本)0819454613

The majority of the beam splitters for three beam tracking in commercial DVD pickup employ lamellar phase gratings, which already provides sufficient efficiency. However, for a pickup with all diffractive elements, the power budget becomes more critical, and a higher efficiency of the beam splitter is required. In this paper, we have investigated and will present the influence of the desired energy ratio between the zeroth order central beam to the first order side beam on the total efficiency of the beam splitter. The simulation based on scalar diffraction theory shows that the total efficiency of a lamellar phase grating will drop as the ratio decrease, which can be improved by employing a more sophisticated surface relief. The equal-side triangular profile has been investigated as a solution and the geometrical size of the profile has been optimized for several desired energy ratio. For a low cost fabrication process with photolithography, the total efficiency loss due to quantization with different quantization levels of the triangular surface relief has been estimated with scalar diffraction theory. This paper is concluded with a table of optimal phase level for a given energy ratio and desired minimum total efficiency with the consideration of fabrication cost.

关键词： DVD pickup beam splitter diffractive optical element

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optical Architecture of the new generation Infrared Atmospheric Sounder Interferometer (IASI-NG)

Optical Architecture of the new generation Infrared Atmosphe...

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conference on current developments in lens design and optical engineering XIV

作者： Luitot, Clement Boyadjian, Joel Buil, Christian Pasternak, Frederick Ctr Natl Etud Spatiales 18 Ave Edouard Belin F-31401 Toulouse France Astrium SAS F-31402 Toulouse France

ISBN: (纸本)9780819496911

The Infrared Atmospheric Sounder Interferometer (IASI) is a Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS) working in the [3.6 mu m, 15.5 mu m] range, dedicated to Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP), atmospheric chemistry and climate monitoring. The second flight model (2 out of 3) is now in orbit and operational, as a payload of the MetOp-B satellite. A new generation of instrument (IASI-NG) to continue the IASI mission with increased performances is currently investigated by the French Space Agency (CNES). The performance objective is mainly a spectral resolution and a radiometric error divided by two compared with the IASI ones. Many different concepts of FTS were studied to try to fulfill these challenging requirements. This paper presents the different envisaged optical architecture and associated trade off. The major issue of the concept is to manage the so-called self-apodization of the interferogram and the associated degradation of the spectral resolution induced by the wider Field of View (FoV) and the longer optical Path Difference (OPD). Increasing these two quantities have very constraining consequences on the optical architecture. Another critical point is the control of straylight which is quite severe and which has been taken into account early in the optical design. To assess the performances of the interferometer, different optical models were built combining analytical approach with ray tracing technics. We will describe the impacts of the demanding spectral requirements on the optical components and our analyses based on these models will be presented.

关键词： FTS Interferometer IASI IASI-NG self-apodization straylight

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A simple focal-length measurement technique for adaptive microlenses using Z-scan

A simple focal-length measurement technique for adaptive mic...

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conference on current developments in lens design and optical engineering V

作者： Abdelaziez, Y Banerjee, P Univ Dayton ECE Dept Dayton OH 45469 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819454613

A simple technique for focal length measurements of adaptive micro-lenses using z-scan is reported. Focal length is one of the most important parameters of any lens. The effective focal length is measured with reference to the principal points that are not easy to find especially for micro-lenses. In addition, variable focal length microlenses pose a different challenge that makes the process of determining their exact focal length a tedious and difficult process. Classical methods such as nodal slide and magnification have been used for focal length determination. Also, advanced Interference techniques such as Talbot, Moire, Digital Speckle, Zygo and Joint Fourier Transform were used for focal length measurements. These techniques require more elaborate setups and difficult to implement, especially for microlenses. Recently a power meter was used to find the focal length of an unknown lens. Most of the techniques mentioned above proof to be not simple for microlens characterization. The z-scan technique has been implemented, for quite sometimes, to characterize the third-order effects of a nonlinear optical material. The z-scan provides information on both the sign and magnitude of the non-linear refractive index and offer advantage of simplicity. We have used a regular lens to collimate and focus light unto the lens under test. By scanning the lens under test and measuring the on-axis intensity, one can find the focal length. This is because the on-axis intensity is proportional to the phase of the lens and therefore the focal length. In the case of an adaptive lens with its focal length is a function of the applied voltage, the scanning occurs for each voltage value that will correspond to the on-axis refractive index change and therefore the far field on-axis intensity. This described technique above is easy to implement and can achieve good accuracy due to the inherent sensitivity of the z-scan.

关键词： focal length z-scan PLZT adaptive micro-lens

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