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System matrix generation for 3D tomographic reconstructions using an optical design software 19

System matrix generation for 3D tomographic reconstructions ...

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19th conference on current developments in lens design and optical engineering

作者： Rilling, Madison Bourrassaa, Francois Archambault, Louis Thibault, Simon Univ Laval Dept Phys Genie Phys & Opt Quebec City PQ Canada Univ Laval Ctr Hosp Univ CHU Quebec Ctr Rech Quebec City PQ Canada Ctr Opt Photon & Laser Quebec City PQ Canada

ISBN: (数字)9781510620629

ISBN: (纸本)9781510620629

3D imaging of solid targets using plenoptic cameras has been extensively explored and optimized over the years. Unfortunately, these imaging techniques, typically making use of triangulation methods and contrast recognition for depth estimation, lose their validity when imaging translucent media. For these cases, tomographic reconstruction has been shown to be a promising avenue for recovering the 3D shape of a translucent volume. Apart from the tomographic reconstruction algorithm itself, the accuracy of a reconstructed solution depends on the set of measured projections and on the system matrix. A proper determination of the system matrix is key as its elements describe the weighted contribution of a voxel in object space to one in image space;however, computing the matrix elements can consist of an arduous task as it requires a priori knowledge of the imaging system and precise modeling of the physical properties of the acquisition process. In this work, we present how an optical design software can be used to generate such system matrices. Compared with approximation methods involving paraxial ray tracing, the proposed method offers the main advantage of real ray tracing, in which the computed weighted contributions intrinsically account for optical aberrations in the imaging system. Physical properties of light propagation within the translucent medium can also be taken into account when using non-sequential modes. Using a ray tracing software thus offers great flexibility in designing plenoptic imaging systems used with 3D tomographic reconstruction techniques.

关键词： optical design software 3D tomographic reconstruction ray tracing ray tracing plenoptic camera translucent media 3D emission computed tomography

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Inclusion of energetic features in wavefront descriptions

Inclusion of energetic features in wavefront descriptions

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conference on current developments in lens design and optical Systems engineering

作者： Pizarro, C Arasa, J Royo, S Tomàs, N UPC Tech Univ Catalunya Ctr Dev Sensors Instrumentat & Syst CD6 E-08222 Terrassa Spain

ISBN: (纸本)0819437387

Different wavefront description possibilities are today available to the optical designer, usually in the form of polynomial fitting (Seidel, Zernike, monomials...). This kind of representations have the general drawback of being based merely in the geometrical shape of the wavefront considered, calculated as a distribution of optical path differences, without taking into account the energetic distribution present in the wavefront. As a consequence, optimization of optical systems is carried on based only on geometrical criterions, while applications tend to rely more on energetic properties of the wavefront (detection on CCD arrays or photodiodes, image formation, etc). In this paper we are proposing a new type of wavefront descriptor which includes its energetic distribution. The description is based on classical ray tracing procedures, in such a way that in each surface normal to the axis of the optical system, information on the position (z,y) and director cosines (w,v) of the ray are known, together with the energy flux assigned to each ray (F). This allows obtaining the energetic distribution in any plane in the optical system together with the classical wavefront description based in OPD calculations, allowing to obtain complementary wavefront information. This complementary wavefront description has been applied to some simple optical systems (a large diameter cemented achromatic doublet, and a Cooke's triplet) showing how even in these very simple case the differences in the energetic distribution and the geometrical shape at the exit pupil plane are relevant. Such a fact is demonstrated by least-squares fitting of the surfaces to a monomial representation, allowing the determination of the different primary aberration coefficients. Finally, differences in the geometrical PSF and the energetic distribution calculated are plotted to show they may achieve maximum deviations of up to 11% of the PSF value for the doublet, and 25% for the triplet. In addition, t

关键词： optical design wavefront descriptor optimization radiometry

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Fielding of an imaging VISAR diagnostic at the National Ignition Facility (NIF)

Fielding of an imaging VISAR diagnostic at the National Igni...

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conference on current developments in lens design and optical engineering V

作者： Malone, RM Bower, JR Capelle, GA Celeste, JR Celliers, PM Frogget, BC Guyton, RL Kaufman, MI Lare, GA Lee, TL MacGowan, BJ Montelongo, S Ng, EW Thomas, TL Tunnell, TW Watts, PW Bechtel Nevada Los Alamos NM 87544 USA Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab Livermore CA 94551 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819454613

The National Ignition Facility (NIF) requires diagnostics to analyze high-energy density physics experiments. As a core NIF early light diagnostic, this system measures shock velocities, shock breakout times, and shock emission of targets with sizes from I to 5 mm. A 659.5 nm VISAR probe laser illuminates the target. An 8-inch-diameter fused silica triplet lens collects light at f/3 inside the 33-foot-diameter vacuum chamber. The optical relay sends the image out an equatorial port, through a 2-inch-thick vacuum window, and into two VISAR (Velocity Interferometer System for Any Reflector) interferometers. Both streak cameras and CCD cameras record the images. Total track is 75 feet. The front end of the optical relay can be temporarily removed from the equatorial port, allowing for other experimenters to use that port. The first triplet can be no closer than 500 mm from the target chamber center and is protected from debris by a blast window that is replaced after every event. Along with special coatings on the mirrors, cutoff filters reject the NIF drive laser wavelengths and pass a band of wavelengths for VISAR, for passive shock breakout light, or for thermal imaging light (bypassing the interferometers). Finite Element Analysis was performed on all mounting structures. All optical lenses are on kinematic mounts, so that the pointing accuracy of the optical axis can be checked. A two-color laser alignment scheme is discussed.

关键词： VISAR optical relay interferometer National Ignition Facility (NIF) streak camera

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design of Wearable Binoculars with On-Demand Zoom

Design of Wearable Binoculars with On-Demand Zoom

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conference on current developments in lens design and optical engineering XIV

作者： Boye, Robert R. Goeke, Ronald S. Hunt, Jeffery P. Ison, Aaron M. Jared, Bradley H. Pillars, Jamin R. Saavedra, Michael P. Sweatt, William C. Yelton, W. Graham Winrow, Edward G. Wolfley, Steve L. Sandia Natl Labs Albuquerque NM 87185 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9780819496911

Sandia has developed an optical design for wearable binoculars utilizing freeform surfaces and switchable mirrors. The goals of the effort included a design lightweight enough to be worn by the user while providing a useful field of view and magnification as well as non-mechanical switching between normal and zoomed vision. Sandia's approach is a four mirror, off-axis system taking advantage of the weight savings and chromatic performance of a reflective system. The system incorporates an electrochromic mirror on the final surface before the eye allowing the user to switch between viewing modes. Results from a prototype of a monocular version with 6.6x magnification will be presented. The individual mirrors, including three off-axis aspheres and one true freeform, were fabricated using a diamond-turning based process. A slow-slide servo process was used for the freeform element. Surface roughness and form measurement of the freeform mirror will be presented as well as the expected impact on performance. The alignment and assembly procedure will be reviewed as well as the measured optical performance of the prototype. In parallel to the optical design work, development of an electrochromic mirror has provided a working device with faster switching than current state of the art. Switchable absorbers have been demonstrated with switching times less than 0.5 seconds. The deposition process and characterization of these devices will be presented. Finally, details of an updated optical design with additional freeform surfaces will be presented as well as plans for integrating the electrochromic mirror into the system.

关键词： Freeform optics Head-mounted optics Diamond-turning Reflective optics Electrochromic Switchable mirror

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Research on chromatic properties of high order kinoform 15

Research on chromatic properties of high order kinoform

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conference on current developments in lens design and optical engineering XV

作者： Wegrzynska, K. Rachon, M. Doch, M. Siemion, A. Suszek, J. Kolodziejczyk, A. Sypek, M. Warsaw Univ Technol Fac Phys PL-00662 Warsaw Poland

ISBN: (纸本)9781628412192

This work is dedicated to the evaluation of the chromatic properties of high order kinoforms. Typical kinoform (of the first order) is a phase only structure having the phase retardation varying in the range 0-2 pi. Such structures are very commonly used in many practical applications for different ranges of electromagnetic radiation like ultraviolet, visible, infrared, terahertz and millimeter waves. Besides those benefits such structures have one crucial disadvantage - they suffer from big chromatic aberration. This limits their practical application only to the narrowband work, where main wavelength must be well defined (Delta lambda/lambda<<1). This paper presents other type of diffractive structures called high order kinoforms (HOK). They exhibit phase retardation of n2 pi, where n is an integer number much bigger than 1. Due to this fact they are relatively thin and therefore can be manufactured using laser lithography in thick photoresist (deeply etched). On the other hand they are thick enough to suppress chromatic aberrations. In comparison to the well-known Fresnel lens, the high order kinoform structure has precisely controlled phase retardation between different zones. In the case of the Fresnel lens (known from XviiI/XIX century), phase retardations between different zones are random (designing process is based on the geometrical optics). In the case of the high order kinoform working as the spherical lens - taking into account the real size of the detector - it can be shown that the most of the energy being focused in the focal spot will be registered by the detector for different wavelengths. The paper presents simple theoretical considerations, numerical modeling and their experimental evaluation.

关键词： diffractive optics kinoform higher order kinoform chromatic aberration optical elements

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High-resolution UV relay lens for particle size distribution measurements using holography

High-resolution UV relay lens for particle size distribution...

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conference on current developments in lens design and optical engineering IX

作者： Malone, Robert M. Capelle, Gene A. Cox, Brian C. Frogget, Brent C. Grover, Mike Kaufman, Morris I. Pazuchanics, Peter Sorenson, Danny S. Stevens, Gerald D. Tibbitts, Aric Turley, William D. Natl Secur Technol LLC Los Alamos Operat 182 E Gate Dr Los Alamos NM 87544 USA Natl Secur Technol LLC Special Technol Lab Santa Barbara CA 93111 USA Los Alamos Natl Lab Los Alamos NM 87545 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9780819472809

Shock waves passing through a metal sample can produce ejecta particulates at a metal-vacuum interface. Holography records particle size distributions by using a high-power, short-pulse laser to freeze particle motion. The sizes of the ejecta particles are recorded using an in-line Fraunhofer holography technique. Because the holographic plate would be destroyed in an energetic environment, a high-resolution lens has been designed to relay the scattered and unscattered light to a safe environment where the interference fringes are recorded on film. These interference fringes allow particles to be reconstructed within a 12-mm-diameter, 5-mm-thick volume. To achieve resolution down to 0.5 mu m, both a high-resolution optical relay lens and ultraviolet laser (UV) light were implemented. The design and assembly of a nine-element lens that achieves > 2000 lp/mm resolution and operates at f/0.89 will be described. To set up this lens system, a doublet lens is temporarily attached that enables operation with 532-nm laser light and 1100 lp/mm resolution. Thus, the setup and alignment are performed with green light, but the dynamic recording is done with UV light. During setup, the 532-nm beam provides enough focus shift to accommodate the placement of a resolution target outside the ejecta volume;this resolution target does not interfere with the calibrated wires and pegs surrounding the ejecta volume. A television microscope archives images of resolution patterns that prove that the calibration wires, interference filter, holographic plate, and relay lenses are in their correct positions. Part of this lens is under vacuum, at the point where the laser illumination passes through a focus. Alignment and tolerancing of this high-resolution lens will be presented, and resolution variation through the 5-mm depth of field will be discussed.

关键词： UV optical relay holography submicron optical resolution ejecta particle size distribution

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design of an interferometric system for piston measurements in segmented primary mirrors

Design of an interferometric system for piston measurements ...

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conference on current developments in lens design and optical Systems engineering

作者： Arasa, J Laguarta, F Pizarro, C Tomàs, N Pintó, A UPC Ctr Dev Sensors Instrumentat & Syst CD6 E-08222 Terrassa Spain

ISBN: (纸本)0819437387

Recently, telescopes with segmented primary mirrors are becoming increasingly popular due to their ability of achieving large apertures without the inconveniences caused by the fabrication and handling of monolithic surfaces with 8m (or over) in diameter. The difference in position of each pair of adjacent segments along the local normal of their interface (called piston hereafter), however, needs to be precisely measured in order to provide a diffraction-limited image. If a system yielding the nanometric accuracy required in piston measurements worked in daylight hours, the resultant saving in observation time would be an important advance on a majority of the state-of-the-art piston measurement systems. An interferometric piston measurement instrument accomplishing such objectives has been designed starting from the usual Michelson configuration at the CD6 (Terrassa, Spain), and its final test has been carried out in the test workbench of the Institute de Astrofisica de Canarias (IAC, Canary Islands, Spain). Its optical layout relies on projecting the reference arm of the interferometer onto one of the segments of the pair considered, along the direction of the local normal to the surface while the measurement arm is projected onto the interface which divides the pair of segments considered. The field of view and its illumination are calculated to be equivalent in both segments. The lateral shift of the fringes in both interferograms determines the piston error present. A combination of monochromatic and white light is used, in order to remove the lambda /2 phase ambiguities present in piston measurements without losing the required resolution in the measurement. In this paper, the optical design of this interferometric piston measurement instrument will be presented. The particular configuration used in the interferometer, the implementation of an imaging system allowing to see both the interface of the segments and the interference fringes, the effect of the ext

关键词： optical design white light interferometer segmented primary mirrors telescopes

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design of a day/night star camera system

Design of a day/night star camera system

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8th conference on current developments in optical design and optical engineering

作者： Alexander, CD Swift, W Ghosh, K Ramsey, B NASA George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr Dept Space Sci Huntsville AL 35812 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819432652

This paper describes the design of a camera system capable of acquiring stars during both the day and night cycles of a high altitude balloon flight (35-42 km). The camera system will be filtered to operate in the R and I bands (similar to 600-1000nm), and simulations have been run using MODTRAN atmospheric code to determine the worse case sky brightness at 35km. With a worse case daytime sky brightness of 2x10(-5) W/cm(2)/sr/mu m at 600nm, the sensitivity of the camera system will allow acquisition of at least 1-2 stars/degrees(2) at star magnitude limits of 7.8-8.1. The system will have an F2.8, 64.3mm diameter lens and a 1340 x 1037 CCD digitized to 12 bits. The CCD is comprised of 6.8 mu m x 6.8 mu m pixels with a well depth of 45,000 electrons and quantum efficiency of 0.54 at 700nm. The camera's field-of-view will be 6.33 degrees(2) and provide attitude knowledge to 8 arcsec or better. A test flight of the system is scheduled for fall 1999.

关键词： star camera aspect system stratospheric balloon flights daytime star camera R band

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Co-extruded Multilayer Films for High Capacity optical Data Storage

Co-extruded Multilayer Films for High Capacity Optical Data ...

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conference on current developments in lens design and optical engineering XIII

作者： Christenson, Cory W. Ryan, Chris Valle, Brent Saini, Anuj Lott, Joseph Johnson, Jack Schiraldi, David Weder, Christoph Baer, Eric Singer, Kenneth D. Shan, Jie Case Western Reserve Univ Dept Phys Cleveland OH 44106 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9780819492036

New approaches for optical data storage (ODS) applications are needed to meet the future requirements of applications in multimedia, archiving, security, and many others. Commercial data storage technologies are moving to three-dimensional (3D) materials, but the capacity is limited by the fabrication cost and the number of layers that can be addressed using the reflection-based storage mechanism. We demonstrate here storage systems based on co-extrusion of multilayer (ML) films that can overcome these problems. The organic roll-to-roll films produced can easily be produced hundreds of meters in length, in a far simpler and cheaper manner than current manufacturing methods such as spin coating and lamination. The medium consists of alternating active and buffer layers, and data storage is demonstrated by writing images in 23 layers of 78 mu m thick films by fluorescence (FL) quenching of an organic dye. The areal data resolution is at the diffraction limit of the CW Blu-ray (BR) laser employed, and the co-extrusion technique allows for small layer spacings, leading to a total bit density 1.2 Tb/cm(3). We anticipate materials already demonstrated successful for 3D ODS will be adapted to this technique, as well as new systems developed, to take full advantage of this medium.

关键词： optical data storage extrusion photonics organic chromophore organic polymer photobleaching

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design, manufacturing and opto-mechanical considerations for multimodal micro-endoscope featuring optical coherence microscopy, multiphoton microscopy and visible navigation 7

Design, manufacturing and opto-mechanical considerations for...

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conference on optical design and engineering vii

作者： Vega, David Romano, Gabriella Barton, Jennifer K. Univ Arizona Coll Opt Sci Tucson AZ 85721 USA Univ Arizona Biomed Engn Tucson AZ 85721 USA

ISBN: (数字)9781510619180

ISBN: (纸本)9781510619180

Complex endoscopes which utilize optics with less than 1.5 mm diameter have an elevated risk of failure. Therefore, to ensure functionality and minimize risk proper design, optomechanical analysis and modelling must be performed while taking into consideration current manufacturing capabilities. Our endoscope is designed to perform optical Coherence and Multiphoton Microscopy (OCM and MPM) which are powerful endoscopic imaging techniques used to characterize tissue. Separately each imaging technique has limitations when used by itself;however, this design combines these two modalities into a single optical system to work in synergy achieving both high sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis at the point of care. The optical design features two optical paths with different numerical apertures (NA) through a single lens system with a scanning optical fiber. The dual path is achieved using dichroic coatings embedded in a triplet that functions in a telescope like fashion. A high NA similar to 0.44 path is designed to perform OCM and MPM while a low NA similar to.18 path is designed for the visible spectrum to allow navigation of the endoscope to areas of interest. We present the optical design of the endoscope, optomechanical considerations, manufacturability, stress and temperature effects. All these factors may be a source of problems in such small optics utilizing rare materials such as ZnS MS lenses. While very tight tolerances were the driving factor for the manufacturability of this system, temperature and stress must also be evaluated to obtain a better idea of the durability of the endoscope at the point of care. While it is challenging to evaluate the real performance of multimodality endoscopes, the models ensure that the system is designed for the expected imaging techniques, providing acceptable imaging across the entire field of view. Finally, we will give insight on what lessons were learned during the design, analysis, lens manufacturing, and assemblin

关键词： micro-endoscope microscopy micro-optics optical design multimodal endoscopy optomechanical design optical models

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