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检索条件"任意字段=Conference on Current Developments in Lens Design and Optical Engineering VIII"

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design, tolerancing and alignment of pushbroom imaging spectrometers for high response uniformity

Design, tolerancing and alignment of pushbroom imaging spect...

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conference on current developments in lens design and optical engineering II

作者： Mouroulis, P Shea, JJ Thomas, DA CALTECH Jet Propuls Lab Pasadena CA 91109 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819441554

We present a design and tolerancing approach that permits the achievement of a high degree of spatial and spectral uniformity of response from a pushbroom imaging spectrometer. Such uniformity of response is crucial for the extraction of accurate spectroscopic information from remotely sensed data. The spectrometer system example comprises two independent spectrometer modules covering the 400-2500 nm range, separated through a dichroic mirror. The relative merits of alternative approaches are briefly reviewed before concentrating on the problem of building a flight-worthy system that can approximate its design performance. The tolerancing approach requires simultaneous monitoring of many parameters, and specifically: overall image quality, spectral distortion, spectral MTF variation with field, spatial distortion, spatial MTF variation with wavelength, and slit magnification to within a small fraction of a pixel. It is shown that the wavefront error alone or even supplemented by distortion figures is insufficient for characterizing a system with high response uniformity. Tolerance values on the components and their positioning are primarily guided by the need to achieve the same magnification between the two spectrometer modules, as well as by the interferometric alignment method.

关键词： Tolerancing Spectrometers Short wave infrared radiation Beam splitters Mirrors Modulation transfer functions Distortion Image quality Point spread functions Wavefronts

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Optic design and manufacturing issues of a high numerical broad band IR solid immersion microscope objective 19

Optic design and manufacturing issues of a high numerical br...

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19th conference on current developments in lens design and optical engineering

作者： Sure, Thomas Sabbineni, Prasad Ramsay, Euan Univ Appl Sci Mittelhessen Giessen Germany Thermo Fisher Sci 3400 West Warren Ave Fremont CA USA

ISBN: (数字)9781510620629

ISBN: (纸本)9781510620629

Over the last two decades solid immersion objectives have been developed for various applications, offering the opportunity to achieve a higher resolution than is possible for conventional air objective lenses. For semiconductor applications hemispherical solid immersion lenses (SILs), incorporating tips fabricated in semiconductor materials with a high refractive index (up to n = 3:5 for silicon, for example) are commonly used. With such high refractive index materials it is possible to design an objective with a numerical aperture of NA = 3:2. An apochromatic color correction is mandatory if a broad spectral range from lambda = 1200 nm to lambda = 2000 nm is required. It is well known that glasses with anomalous partial dispersion must be used to realize apochromatic color correction. It will be shown that the anomalous partial dispersions of some glasses in the IR range differ from the known behavior in the visible region. Therefore, glass selection plays a significant role for the design of a high NA broadband IR objective and will be discussed. Monte Carlo tolerance analysis shows that even with state of the art manufacturing capabilities the tolerance induced aberrations of an objective with NA = 3:2 will lead to a dramatic loss of image performance, indicated by a significant drop in the Strehl-ratio. This becomes even worse when the interface of the exchangeable hemispherical SIL tip with the main objective is considered. With the aim to manufacture such objectives within a stable production process it makes no sense to overload the requirements regarding the NA. Therefore, due to manufacturing issues the numerical aperture of this objective has been restricted to NA = 2:9. Wave front measurements of the manufactured objectives shows Strehl-ratios of SR > 97 % which guarantees a diffraction limited resolution.

关键词： Solid immersion lens Optic design High NA optics IR optics Glass selection Manufacturing tolerances

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Projection lenses for high resolution ablation with excimer lasers:: high performance, wide field and high UV laser power

Projection lenses for high resolution ablation with excimer ...

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conference on current developments in lens design and optical Systems engineering

作者： Schlichting, J Winkler, K Körner, L Schletterer, T Burghardt, B Kahlert, HJ JENOPT Laser Opt Syst GMBH Jena Germany

ISBN: (纸本)0819437387

The productive and accurate ablation of microstructures demands the precise imaging of st mask pattern onto the substrate under work. The job can be done with high performance wide field lenses as a key component of ablation equipment. The image field has dimensions of 20 to 30 mm. Typical dimensions and accuracy of the microstructures are in the order of some microns. On the other hand, the working depth of focus (DOF) has to be in the order of some 10 microns to be successful on drilling through 20 to 50 mum substrates. All these features have to be reached under the conditions of high power laser UV light Some design principles for such systems are applied, such as optimum number of elements, minimum tolerance sensitivity, material restrictions for the lens elements as well as mechanical parts (mounting), restrictions of possible power densities on lens surfaces (including ghosts), matched quality for the manufactured system. The special applications require appropriate performance criteria for theoretical calculation and measurements, which allow to conclude the performance of the application. The base is wave front calculation and measurement (using Shack-Hartmann sensor) in UV. Derived criteria are calculated and compared with application results.

关键词： laser ablation excimer laser imaging high performance optics systems design

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Studying the back-scattering of light for the development of acousto- optical filter with an improved spectral resolution 17

Studying the back-scattering of light for the development of...

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conference on current developments in lens design and optical engineering XVII

作者： Shcherbakov, Alexandre S. Arellanes, Adan Omar Chavushyan, Vahram Natl Inst Astrophys Opt & Elect INAOE Luis Enrique Erro 1 AP 51 & 216 Puebla 72000 Mexico

ISBN: (数字)9781510602861

ISBN: (纸本)9781510602854;9781510602861

We consider the collinear backward light scattering as one of potential physical mechanisms for creating an advanced collinear acousto-optical filter with significantly improved spectral resolution. Within co-directional crystalline collinear acousto-optical filters, the resolution is inversely proportional to the material's birefringence, which is similar to 0.1 in the best case of LiNbO3-crystal. For the backward light scattering this parameter is replaced by the twice refractive index, so that the gain achieves > 45 times in LiNbO3-crystal. Thus, one can expect the resolution similar to 0.002 angstrom instead of the val similar to 0.1 0.2 recently obtained by us experimentallor co-directional geometry in that crystal. Moreover, the collinear backward light scattering can be implemented in an extended amount of available materials. However, the main limitation for applying the phenomenon is the acoustic attenuation in ultra-high frequency range peculiar to the materials for acousto-optical filters. Linear acoustic attenuation reduces the length of acousto-optical interaction and limits the spectral resolution. At an initial stage, our studies are concentrated on physical aspects of this phenomenon as well as on possibilities of its application to creating the acousto-optical filters of a high resolution. In particular, the frequency band-shapes of the scattered light intensity exhibit a tendency to specific acousto-optical nonlinearity, i.e. to more and more rectangular profile as the acoustic power density grows. Results of this analysis confirm the above-noted estimations for a triplet of trigonal acousto-optical crystals, having possibly lower acoustic attenuation.

关键词： acousto-optics collinear acousto-optical filter backward light scattering improved spectral resolution astrophysical applications

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Improving the optical and electrical properties of fluorine-doped tin oxide films by various post-annealing treatments

Improving the optical and electrical properties of fluorine-...

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conference on current developments in lens design and optical engineering XI - and Advances in Thin Film Coatings VI

作者： Chen, Pin-Jen Liao, Bo-Huei Kuo, Chien-Cheng Lee, Cheng-Chung Natl Cent Univ Thin Film Technol Ctr Dept Opt & Photon Chungli 320 Taiwan

ISBN: (纸本)9780819482822

Transparent conducting Fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) thin films were deposited on glass substrates by pulsed DC magnetron sputtering from cost saving metal targets. We observed lower resistivity and higher average transmittance in the visible range after the application of various post heating treatments. The electrical and optical properties of FTO films were investigated. When the annealing temperature is 400 degrees C in air, the average transmittance is 79.79% with the lowest resistivity of 1.38x10(-3) Omega-cm, carrier density of 2.27x10(20) cm(-3) and mobility of 20 cm(2)/V-s. When the annealing temperature is 400 degrees Cin a H-2 5%+N-2 95% atmosphere, the average transmittance is 79.75 % with the lowest resistivity of 1.26x10(-3) Omega-cm, carrier density of 2.17x10(20) cm(-3) and mobility of 22.8 cm(2)/V-s. When the annealing temperature is 350 degrees Cin vacuum, the average transmittance is 80.48% with the lowest resistivity of 1.23x10(-3) Omega-cm, carrier density of 4.40x10(20) cm(-3) and mobility of 11.6 cm(2)/V-s.

关键词： Pulse DC magnetron sputtering CF4 FTO TCO Post-annealing

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Effects of Substrate heating and Vacuum Annealing on optical and Electrical Properties of Alumina-Doped ZnO Films Deposited by DC Magnetron Sputtering

Effects of Substrate heating and Vacuum Annealing on Optical...

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conference on current developments in lens design and optical engineering XII/Advances in Thin Film Coatings VII

作者： Tang, Chien-Jen Wang, Chun-Yuan Jaing, Cheng-Chung Minghsin Univ Sci & Technol Dept Optoelect Syst Engn Hsinchu 304 Taiwan

ISBN: (纸本)9780819487384

Alumina-doped zinc oxide (AZO) films have wide range of applications in optical and optoelectronic devices. AZO films have advantage in high transparency, high stability to hydrogen plasma and low cost to alternative ITO film. AZO film was prepared by direct-current (DC) magnetron sputtering from ceramic ZnO:Al2O3 target. The AZO films were compared in two different conditions. The first is substrate heating process, in which AZO film was deposited by different substrate temperature, room temperature, 150 degrees C and 250 degrees C. The second is vacuum annealing process, in which AZO film with deposited at room temperature have been annealed at 250 degrees C and 450 degrees C in vacuum. The optical properties, electrical properties, grain size and surface structure properties of the films were studied by UV-VIS-NIR spectrophotometer, Hall effect measurement equipment, x-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. The resistivity, carrier mobility, carrier concentration, and grain size of AZO films were 1.92x10(-3) Omega-cm, 6.38 cm(2)/Vs, 5.08x10(20) #/cm(3), and 31.48 nm respectively, in vacuum annealing of 450 degrees C. The resistivity, carrier mobility, carrier concentration, and grain size of AZO films were 8.72x10(-4) Omega-cm, 6.32 cm(2)/Vs, 1.13x10(21) #/cm(3), and 31.56 nm, respectively, when substrate temperature was at 250 degrees C. Substrate heating process is better than vacuum annealed process for AZO film deposited by DC Magnetron Sputtering.

关键词： Alumina-Doped ZnO films DC magnetron sputtering vacuum annealed substrate heating process optical properties Electrical properties

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Optimum design of a lightweight mirror using aluminum foam or honeycomb sandwich construction - A case study for the GLAS telescope

Optimum design of a lightweight mirror using aluminum foam o...

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conference on current developments in lens design and optical Systems engineering

作者： Conkey, SB Lee, C Chaykovsky, S Content, D Morell, A Budinoff, J Swales Aerosp Inc Beltsville MD 20705 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819437387

A simple closed form solution was derived for the optimum weight design of a cylindrical sandwich mirror for a given self-weight deflection and mirror radius. This optimum solution is based on the generalized deflection equation for an axisymmetrically supported thick circular plate. This two parameter equation of deflection captures the deflection of the plate caused by bending and transverse shear. The solution yields the optimum facesheet thickness, core thickness, and core density. The derived optimum solution was used in a case study for the GLAS (Geoscience Laser Altimeter System) primary mirror. This Beryllium mirror is manufactured with an open back isogrid pattern. The objective of this study is to determine a lightweight mirror design using Aluminum sandwich construction that can meet the performances of the current mirror and reduce fabrication costs. With the optimum solution several first order approximations using Aluminum honeycomb or foam core were determined. The performance, 1 g deflection, and wave front error of these designs was determined from Finite Element Analysis. The results conclude that sandwich construction outperforms the isogrid design by significant margins on both weight and distortion if the same material is used. Because of its superior specific stiffness the Beryllium isogrid design still marginally outperforms the optimum Aluminum sandwich design. However, the Aluminum sandwich design should provide significant advantages on cost and ease of fabrication over Beryllium isogrid designs.

关键词： aluminum foam lightweight sandwich panel mirror optimization

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Fabrication of subcutaneous veins phantom for Vessel visualization system

Fabrication of subcutaneous veins phantom for Vessel visuali...

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conference on current developments in lens design and optical engineering XIV

作者： Cheng, Kai Narita, Kazuyuki Morita, Yusuke Nakamachi, Eiji Honda, Norihiro Awazu, Kunio Doshisha Univ Dept Med Engn 1-3 Miyakodani Kyotanabe Kyoto 6100394 Japan Osaka Univ Ctr Adv Med Engn & Informat Suita Osaka 5650871 Japan

ISBN: (纸本)9780819496911

The technique of subcutaneous veins imaging by using NIR (Near Infrared Radiation) is widely used in medical applications, such as the intravenous injection and the blood sampling. In the previous study, an automatic 3D blood vessel search and automatic blood sampling system was newly developed. In order to validate this NIR imaging system, we adopted the subcutaneous vein in the human arm and its artificial phantom, which imitate the human fat and blood vessel. The human skin and subcutaneous vein is characterized as the uncertainty object, which has the individual specificity, non-accurate depth information, non-steady state and hardly to be fixed in the examination apparatus. On the other hand, the conventional phantom was quite distinct from the human's characteristics, such as the non-multilayer structure, disagreement of optical property. In this study, we develop a multilayer phantom, which is quite similar with human skin, for improvement of NIR detection system evaluation. The phantom consists of three layers, such as the epidermis layer, the dermis layer and the subcutaneous fat layer. In subcutaneous fat layer, we built a blood vessel. We use the intralipid to imitate the optical scattering characteristics of human skin, and the hemoglobin and melanin for the optical absorption characteristics. In this study, we did two subjects. First, we decide the fabrication process of the phantom. Second, we compared newly developed phantoms with human skin by using our NIR detecting system, and confirm the availability of these phantoms.

关键词： NIR Vessel Visualization Phantom optical Property Skin Epidermis Dermis Subcutaneous Fat Intralipid Melanin Hemoglobin

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Bound-Abrasive Grinding and Polishing of Surfaces of optical Materials

Bound-Abrasive Grinding and Polishing of Surfaces of Optical...

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conference on current developments in lens design and optical engineering XI - and Advances in Thin Film Coatings VI

作者： Filatov, Yuriy D. Filatov, Olexandr Yu Monteil, Guy Heisel, Uwe Storchak, Michael Natl Acad Sci Ukraine Bakul Inst Superhard Mat 2 Avtozavodskaya UA-04074 Kiev Ukraine Natick Res Dev & Engn Ctr F-25000 Besancon France Univ Stuttgart D-70174 Stuttgart Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9780819482822

Problems of improving efficiency and quality of diamond-abrasive finishing of optical materials by tools with bounded polishing powders, including diamond powder, by means of the improvement of the machining technology and application of new tools with functionally oriented designs and characteristics of working layer are considered. A model has been proposed of the slime particle formation and directional removal as well as of the generation of a high-quality surface in diamond-abrasive finishing of optical materials taking into account the peculiarities of the mass transfer in the contact zone and statistic character of the distribution of slime particles by size. The dependences of the particle number on the diffusion angle and coordinate of the contact have been derived in the studies of the dynamics of collision and diffusion of slime particles. The coordinate dependence of the flat surface roughness of glass K8 optics in fine diamond grinding has been described. Interaction and dispersion of deterioration particles in a contact zone of the tool and a processed sample in the course of polishing is described and the dispersion structure of deterioration particles of the tool on slime particles and on deterioration particles is explained oscillatory. It is shown, that differential dispersion section of deterioration particles on slime particles no less than on deterioration particles as much as possible at corners of dispersion close to 0 and 180o on the central sites of a contact zone. Coordinate dependence of full dispersion section of deterioration particles of the tool and dependence of microprofile height of the processed surface on circular zones radius are calculated. Conformity of experimental and theoretical microroughness profiles of a polished surface on a quartz sample is shown.

关键词： Grinding Polishing optical materials Slime particles Collision Diffusion Roughness

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Radiance limits of ceramic phosphors under high excitation fluxes

Radiance limits of ceramic phosphors under high excitation f...

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conference on current developments in lens design and optical engineering XIV

作者： Lenef, Alan Kelso, John Zheng, Yi Tchoul, Maxim OSRAM SYLVANIA Inc Corp Technol CRSL Beverly MA 01915 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9780819496911

Ceramic phosphors, excited by high radiance pump sources, offer considerable potential for high radiance conversion. Interestingly, thermodynamic arguments suggest that the radiance of the luminescent spot can even exceed that of the incoming light source. In practice, however, thermal quenching and (non-thermal) optical saturation limit the maximum attainable radiance of the luminescent source. We present experimental data for Ce:YAG and Ce:GdYAG ceramics in which these limits have been investigated. High excitation fluxes are achieved using laser pumping. optical pumping intensities exceeding 100W/mm(2) have been shown to produce only modest efficiency depreciation at low overall pump powers because of the short Ce3+ lifetime, although additional limitations exist. When pump powers are higher, heat-transfer bottlenecks within the ceramic and heat-sink interfaces limit maximum pump intensities. We find that surface temperatures of these laser-pumped ceramics can reach well over 150 degrees C, causing thermal-quenching losses. We also find that in some cases, the loss of quantum efficiency with increasing temperature can cause a thermal run-away effect, resulting in a rapid loss in converted light, possibly over-heating the sample or surrounding structures. While one can still obtain radiances on the order of many W/mm(2)/sr, temperature quenching effects ultimately limit converted light radiance. Finally, we use the diffusion-approximation radiation transport models and rate equation models to simulate some of these nonlinear optical pumping and heating effects in high-scattering ceramics.

关键词： radiance phosphors ceramics saturation thermal quenching entropy optical pumping

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