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检索条件"任意字段=Conference on Current Developments in Lens Design and Optical Engineering VIII"

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Bound-Abrasive Grinding and Polishing of Surfaces of optical Materials

Bound-Abrasive Grinding and Polishing of Surfaces of Optical...

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conference on current developments in lens design and optical engineering XI - and Advances in Thin Film Coatings VI

作者： Filatov, Yuriy D. Filatov, Olexandr Yu Monteil, Guy Heisel, Uwe Storchak, Michael Natl Acad Sci Ukraine Bakul Inst Superhard Mat 2 Avtozavodskaya UA-04074 Kiev Ukraine Natick Res Dev & Engn Ctr F-25000 Besancon France Univ Stuttgart D-70174 Stuttgart Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9780819482822

Problems of improving efficiency and quality of diamond-abrasive finishing of optical materials by tools with bounded polishing powders, including diamond powder, by means of the improvement of the machining technology and application of new tools with functionally oriented designs and characteristics of working layer are considered. A model has been proposed of the slime particle formation and directional removal as well as of the generation of a high-quality surface in diamond-abrasive finishing of optical materials taking into account the peculiarities of the mass transfer in the contact zone and statistic character of the distribution of slime particles by size. The dependences of the particle number on the diffusion angle and coordinate of the contact have been derived in the studies of the dynamics of collision and diffusion of slime particles. The coordinate dependence of the flat surface roughness of glass K8 optics in fine diamond grinding has been described. Interaction and dispersion of deterioration particles in a contact zone of the tool and a processed sample in the course of polishing is described and the dispersion structure of deterioration particles of the tool on slime particles and on deterioration particles is explained oscillatory. It is shown, that differential dispersion section of deterioration particles on slime particles no less than on deterioration particles as much as possible at corners of dispersion close to 0 and 180o on the central sites of a contact zone. Coordinate dependence of full dispersion section of deterioration particles of the tool and dependence of microprofile height of the processed surface on circular zones radius are calculated. Conformity of experimental and theoretical microroughness profiles of a polished surface on a quartz sample is shown.

关键词： Grinding Polishing optical materials Slime particles Collision Diffusion Roughness

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Radiance limits of ceramic phosphors under high excitation fluxes

Radiance limits of ceramic phosphors under high excitation f...

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conference on current developments in lens design and optical engineering XIV

作者： Lenef, Alan Kelso, John Zheng, Yi Tchoul, Maxim OSRAM SYLVANIA Inc Corp Technol CRSL Beverly MA 01915 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9780819496911

Ceramic phosphors, excited by high radiance pump sources, offer considerable potential for high radiance conversion. Interestingly, thermodynamic arguments suggest that the radiance of the luminescent spot can even exceed that of the incoming light source. In practice, however, thermal quenching and (non-thermal) optical saturation limit the maximum attainable radiance of the luminescent source. We present experimental data for Ce:YAG and Ce:GdYAG ceramics in which these limits have been investigated. High excitation fluxes are achieved using laser pumping. optical pumping intensities exceeding 100W/mm(2) have been shown to produce only modest efficiency depreciation at low overall pump powers because of the short Ce3+ lifetime, although additional limitations exist. When pump powers are higher, heat-transfer bottlenecks within the ceramic and heat-sink interfaces limit maximum pump intensities. We find that surface temperatures of these laser-pumped ceramics can reach well over 150 degrees C, causing thermal-quenching losses. We also find that in some cases, the loss of quantum efficiency with increasing temperature can cause a thermal run-away effect, resulting in a rapid loss in converted light, possibly over-heating the sample or surrounding structures. While one can still obtain radiances on the order of many W/mm(2)/sr, temperature quenching effects ultimately limit converted light radiance. Finally, we use the diffusion-approximation radiation transport models and rate equation models to simulate some of these nonlinear optical pumping and heating effects in high-scattering ceramics.

关键词： radiance phosphors ceramics saturation thermal quenching entropy optical pumping

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Surface Micro-Structuring of Glassy Carbon for Precision Glass molding of Diffractive optical Elements 15

Surface Micro-Structuring of Glassy Carbon for Precision Gla...

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conference on current developments in lens design and optical engineering XV

作者： Prater, Karin Dukwen, Julia Scharf, Toralf Herzig, Hans Peter Hermerschmidt, Andreas Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne Opt & Photon Technol Lab CH-2000 Neuchatel Switzerland Fraunhofer Inst Prod Technol IPT D-52074 Aachen Germany CHOLOEYE Photon AG D-12489 Berlin Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781628412192

Glassy carbon is used nowadays for a variety of applications because of its mechanical strength, thermal stability and non-sticking adhesion properties. This makes it also a suitable candidate as mold material for precision compression molding of low and high glass-transition temperature materials. To fabricate molds for diffractive optics a high-resolution structuring technique is needed. We introduce a process that allows the micro-structuring of glassy carbon by reactive ion etching. Key parameters such as uniformity, surface roughness, edge definition and lateral resolution are discussed. They are the most relevant parameters for a stamp in optical applications. The use of titanium as a hard mask makes it possible to achieve a reasonable selectivity of 4:1, which has so far been one of the main problems in micro-structuring of glassy carbon. We investigate the titanium surface structure with its 5-10 nm thick layer of TiO2 grains and its influence on the shape of the hard mask. In our fabrication procedure we were able to realize optically flat diffractive structures with slope angles of more than 80 degrees at typical feature sizes of 5 mu m and at 700 nm depth. The fabricated glassy carbon molds were applied to thermal imprinting onto different glasses. Glassy carbon molds with 1 mm thickness were tested with binary optical structures. Our experiments show the suitability of glassy carbon as molds for cost efficient mass production with a high quality.

关键词： diffractive optical element glass molding glassy carbon reactive ion etching fused silica molding

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current developments in optical engineering IV

Current Developments in Optical Engineering IV

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current developments in optical engineering IV

The Proceedings of the conference contains 27 papers representing the very latest developments in the optical and optical engineering subject areas not covered in the other conferences at the annual San Diego meeting. This Proceedings includes papers on basic optical design and engineering, e.g. the optomechanical laboratory hardware, its organization, terminology and devices;a precision dual positioning system;a Wollaston polarizer in imaging systems;a 20-element long focal length zoom lens;photolithographic lenses;a reflection microcirculation microscope. The session on optical fabrication and testing includes papers on computer simulation of interferometer performance;adaptive optics wavefront corrector using addressable liquid crystal retarders;microlens array manufacture;design of Shack-Hartmann plate with GRIN rod lenses;Chinese adaptive astronomical telescope. The session on waveguide and diffractive optics and microlithography comprises papers on the fabrication of ion-exchanged glass channel waveguides with etched and diffused grating taps;modular fiber optic assembly technique;forward photorefractive multibeam mixing in BaTiO3;correcting chromatic aberration in holographic optical systems. Miscellaneous topics include articles on optomechanical properties of PMMA and their applications in pressure sensors and on a Fabry-Perot tunable filter for visible and near IR using nematic liquid crystals.

关键词： optical Systems

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Polarization dependent proximity effects

Polarization dependent proximity effects

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conference on optical Microlithography XX

作者： Tyminski, Jacek. K. Matsuyama, Tomoyuki Nakashima, Tashiharu Schmoeller, Thomas Lewellen, John Nikon Precis Inc 1399 Shoreway Rd Belmont CA 94002 USA Synopsys Inc D-81737 Munich Germany Nikon Inc Kumagaya Saitama 3608559 Japan Synopsys Inc Mountain View CA 94043 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9780819466396

To meet the imaging resolution requirements, driven by the evolution of IC design rules, leading-edge scanners incorporate projection lenses with hyper-NAs. Moreover, immersion scanners are being introduced into IC manufacture. Both dry and immersion tools explore the lens design regimes of unprecedented complexity. The need to predict, to analyze and to control the IC pattern CDs is met by various photolithography simulators. The continuing demand for simulation accuracy is reflected by the requirement to quantify the scanner projection lens fingerprints, i.e. projection lens infinitesimal excursions from the ideal performance. The scanner engineering community has been relying on photolithography simulators to analyze the impact of the projection lens fingerprints on the imaging characteristics. However small, these excursions are always present in the projection tools and they control important imaging characteristics such as overlay, CD uniformity, across-field exposure latitude, to name but a few. Customarily, phase front aberrations and lens pupil apodization signatures have been used to predict the scanners imaging responses. Of course, the need to design, to manufacture and to deploy scanners of ever improving quality resulted in dramatic reductions of these non-ideal imaging excursions. The evolution of IC designs and imaging tools complexity escalate the requirements for imaging simulation accuracy. Simultaneously, predicting scanner imaging response has become a key mission in the Deign For Manufacture arena. In view of these developments, it necessary to pose a question if the conventional equipment engineering and imaging simulation methodologies predict scanner imaging responses with the accuracy required by the IC design rules. Differently put, the question is: what is necessary to provide simulation accuracy required by the current IC design rules? This report attempts to address these questions.

关键词： projection lens model vectorization wavefront aberrations optical proximity effects

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design and fabrication of the near-ultraviolet birefringent Solc filter for the NASA IRIS solar physics mission

Design and fabrication of the near-ultraviolet birefringent ...

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conference on current developments in lens design and optical engineering XIII

作者： Berger, Thomas Mudge, Jason Holmes, Buck Searcy, Paul Wuelser, Jean-Pierre Lemen, James Title, Alan Adv Technol Ctr Palo Alto CA 94304 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9780819492036

The NASA Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) mission is a Small Explorer (SMEX) satellite mission designed to study plasma dynamics in the "interface region" between the Sun's chromosphere and corona with high spatial, spectral, and temporal resolution. The primary instrument is a dual Czerny-Turner spectrograph fed by a 20-cm Cassegrain telescope measuring near-and far-ultraviolet (NUV, FUV) spectral lines in the ranges 133-141 nm and 278-283 nm. To determine the position of the slit on the solar disk, a slit-jaw imaging system is used. The NUV slit-jaw imaging system produces high spatial resolution images at two positions in the Mg II 280 nm spectral line complex using a birefringent Solc filter with two wide-band interference pre-filters for spectral order selection. The Solc filter produces a 0.36 nm full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) filter profile with low sidelobes and a peak transmission of 15% at 279.6 nm. The filter consists of two "wire grid'' polarizers surrounding 8 quartz waveplates configured in a modified Solc "fan" rotational pattern. The elements are optically coupled using DC200 silicon-based grease. The NUV Solc filter is sealed in a windowed cell to prevent silicon contamination of the FUV channel. The design of the sealed cell and assembly of the filter into the cell were among the most challenging optomechanical aspects of the IRIS spectrograph system.

关键词： Optics imaging birefringent filter near-ultraviolet far-ultraviolet satellite systems solar spectrum

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Further results in measuring water ice buildup on optical components in cryogenic vacuum chambers

Further results in measuring water ice buildup on optical co...

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conference on current developments in lens design and optical engineering XIV

作者： Moeller, Trevor M. Smith, L. Montgomery Collins, Frank G. Labello, Jesse M. Rogers, James P. Lowry, Heard S. Crider, Dustin H. Univ Tennessee Inst Space 411 BH Goethert Pkwy Tullahoma TN 37388 USA Arnold Engn Dev Complex Arnold AFB TN 37389 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9780819496911

Experiments presented in a previous paper(1) established proof-of-principle that water, the most prevalent contaminant in high-vacuum cryogenic systems, initially collects on the surfaces of optical components as a thin film of ice, and thus can be detected and its thickness measured via multiple-beam thin-film interference phenomena. In those earlier experiments, a molecular sieve zeolite in a canister external to a vacuum chamber served as a water source, while the buildup of ice was measured using a HeNe laser beam reflected off the surface of a mirror with a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) used for verification of the mass accumulation. Additional experiments have improved upon the techniques used earlier and provided further insight into the ice accumulation process. Use of a shorter wavelength (450 nm) laser in conjunction with a first-surface gold mirror produced greater depth of modulation and thus increased signal-to-noise ratio in the light interference. Data reduction using cross-correlation analysis over single-period interference records provided more accuracy and precision in the ice thickness measurements. Ice buildup under varying pressure and temperature ranges established baseline conditions for transparent thin-film deposition, and the transition to ice fracture and specular reflection. These recent experiments have demonstrated that the optical monitoring of ice accumulation via multiple-beam interference is applicable over a wider range of mass and thicknesses than the conventionally-used QCM method.

关键词： Cryogenic contamination thin film interference

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Exposure of Restore-L Camera optical Elements to a Simulated Orbital Radiation Environment 20

Exposure of Restore-L Camera Optical Elements to a Simulated...

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conference on current developments in lens design and optical engineering XX

作者： Miller, Kevin H. Heaney, James B. Lauenstein, Jean-Marie Brown, Stephen K. O'Connor, Kenneth M. Miller, Sharon K. NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr 8800 Greenbelt Rd Greenbelt MD 20771 USA SGT KBR 7701 Greenbelt Rd Ste 400 Greenbelt MD 20770 USA NASA Glenn Res Ctr 21000 Brookpark Rd Cleveland OH 44135 USA

ISBN: (数字)9781510629028

ISBN: (纸本)9781510629028

This paper reports on the exposure of visible wavelength camera optical elements to a simulated orbital radiation environment in support of the Restore-L flight project at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. Borosilicate glasses with various metal oxide dopants - S-LAL8, S-LAL18, N-SF1, and the polycarbonate material Makrolon GP were exposed to electrons and protons of varying energies. Low energy (E <= 10keV) charged particles were used primarily to assess degradation to the antireflective coatings of the optical elements. High energy (E similar to 1 MeV) charged particles were used to evaluate degradation to the bulk material. Elements of S-LAL18, N-SF1, LaK9G15, and Makrolon GP were exposed to a representative atomic oxygen rich environment. Elements of S-LAL8 and Makrolon GP were exposed to intense ultraviolet radiation. Pre- and post-exposure transmittance measurements were used to quantify the effects on the elements tested in the simulated environment over the 0.3 to 1.2 micron wavelength range. Our measurement results will be discussed in the context of their robustness to the orbital environment and the known chemical constituents of the materials tested.

关键词： Restore-L radiation anti-reflective coating transmittance atomic oxygen ultraviolet

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Field-of-view enhancement for commercially available active imaging camera using time-of-flight technology 19

Field-of-view enhancement for commercially available active ...

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19th conference on current developments in lens design and optical engineering

作者： Poulin-Girard, Anne-Sophie Smith, Michael Gagnon, Mathieu Legault, Marc-Antoine Thibault, Simon Univ Laval Ctr Opt Photon & Lasers 2375 Rue Terrasse Quebec City PQ G1V 0A6 Canada Innovat Vehicle Inst 25 Boul Maisonneuve St Jerome PQ J5L 0A1 Canada

ISBN: (数字)9781510620629

ISBN: (纸本)9781510620629

Active imaging techniques have been, and will remain relevant as an integral part of the sensor network needed in mobile robotics navigation, most commonly with the use of LiDARs. For close range applications, time-of-flight (TOF) cameras are an alternative to more expensive LiDARs. The Kinect v2 (Kinect for XboxOne) has been used frequently as a range imaging camera in machine vision research because of its low cost and good performance. For mobile robotics applications moving at low speed, a larger field of view than the original (70 degrees X 60 degrees) would be desirable to increase awareness of the surroundings, and also detect other moving objects in the trajectory. Our main goal is therefore to increase the Kinect v2 field of view while keeping its main feature of depth measurements. A simple but effective solution consists in using a conversion lens to increase the ray collection angle before the rays enter the IR camera. Depth measurements remain possible from each pixel using TOF with the Kinect v2 modulated signal, provided the field of illumination matches the field of view. A trade-off has to be made between accuracy of depth measurement, optical performance and field of view/illumination enhancement. Therefore, we modified a Kinect v2 to characterize its optical performances and evaluate its relevancy for applications requiring accurate knowledge of the 3D surroundings. A field of view improvement of the Kinect v2 and other similar TOF cameras could offer an alternative at minimal cost for depth measurements in machine vision, specifically in mobile robotics research where object detection and mapping tasks are frequently carried out.

关键词： Active imaging optical system mobile robotics depth camera range imaging time of flight wide angle machine vision

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Reflectivities of light-absorptive coatings within visible wavelengths range

Reflectivities of light-absorptive coatings within visible w...

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conference on current developments in lens design and optical Systems engineering

作者： Moldosanov, KA Henneck, R Skrynnikov, AM Kashirin, VA Makarov, VP Kobtsov, GA Samsonov, MA Kim, LS Special Design Off OKB Aalam Bishkek 720021 Kyrgyzstan

ISBN: (纸本)0819437387

This paper concerns the light-absorptive coatings intended for reduction of stray sunlight in the satellite-borne optical instrumentation and particle-analyzing apparatus operating in open space under intensive solar illumination. Though the inner surfaces are the passive elements in optical instruments, nontheless the condition and reflectivity of their surfaces can have noticeable effect on the signal-to-noise ratio of their detectors. In order to reduce an influence of the stray light on sensitivity of devices, the reflectivities of inner surfaces are strived to keep minimum in those wavelengths ranges, where the detectors spectral responses are high. We measured reflectivities of several types of traditional Tight-absorptive coatings and also tested our own approach to development of low reflectivity materials. The reflectivities were measured in visible and near-infrared wavelengths ranges (400 to 927 nm), as well as at the hydrogen Lyman-alpha line (121.6 mn), the most intensive line of the solar UV radiation. Also, the values of the solar absorptance alpha (s) and the emissivity epsilon were measured. They made it possible to classify the investigated coatings with their respects to a possible use in converters of solar radiation into the heat. Conclusions are given on application of diverse coatings depending on the instrument's detector type, operational wavelengths range, and operating conditions.

关键词： stray light sunlight light-absorptive coating low reflectivity material optical instrumentation

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