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Using effective medium theories to design tailored nanocomposite materials for optical systems 19

Using effective medium theories to design tailored nanocompo...

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19th conference on current developments in lens design and optical engineering

作者： Werdehausen, Daniel Staude, Isabelle Burger, Sven Petschulat, Joerg Scharf, Toralf Pertsch, Thomas Decker, Manuel Carl Zeiss Corp Res & Technol Carl Zeiss Promenade 10 D-07745 Jena Germany Friedrich Schiller Univ Jena Abbe Ctr Photon Inst Appl Phys Albert Einstein Str 15 D-07745 Jena Germany Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne Nanophoton & Metrol Lab CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland JCMwave GmbH Bolivaralle 22 D-14050 Berlin Germany Zuse Inst Berlin Takustr 7 D-14195 Berlin Germany Carl Zeiss SMT GmbH Semicond Mask Solut Carl Zeiss Promenade 10 D-07745 Jena Germany Fraunhofer Inst Appl Opt & Precis Engn Albert Einstein Str 7 D-07745 Jena Germany

ISBN: (数字)9781510620629

ISBN: (纸本)9781510620629

Modern optical systems are subject to very restrictive performance, size and cost requirements. Especially in portable systems size often is the most important factor, which necessitates elaborate designs to achieve the desired specifications. However, current designs already operate very close to the physical limits and further progress is difficult to achieve by changing only the complexity of the design. Another way of improving the performance is to tailor the optical properties of materials specifically to the application at hand. A class of novel, customizable materials that enables the tailoring of the optical properties, and promises to overcome many of the intrinsic disadvantages of polymers, are nanocomposites. However, despite considerable past research efforts, these types of materials are largely underutilized in optical systems. To shed light into this issue we, in this paper, discuss how nanocomposites can be modeled using effective medium theories. In the second part, we then investigate the fundamental requirements that have to be fulfilled to make nanocomposites suitable for optical applications, and show that it is indeed possible to fabricate such a material using existing methods. Furthermore, we show how nanocomposites can be used to tailor the refractive index and dispersion properties towards specific applications.

关键词： Nanocomposites Nanomaterials optical materials optical design optical Systems Dispersion engineering Effective medium theory Mie theory

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design of coded structured light based on square-shaped primitives 19

Design of coded structured light based on square-shaped prim...

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19th conference on current developments in lens design and optical engineering

作者： Lau, Chi-Chung Sun, Ching-Chern Yang, Tsung-Hsun Yu, Yeh-Wei Chou, Si-Min Ind Technol Res Inst Green Energy & Environm Res Labs Bldg 24195Sec 4Chung Hsin Rd Hsinchu 31057 Taiwan Natl Cent Univ Dept Opt & Photon Kwoh Ting Opt & Photon Bldg300 Jhongda Rd Taoyuan 32001 Taiwan

ISBN: (数字)9781510620629

ISBN: (纸本)9781510620629

This paper presents a new pattern design for encoding structured light for scanning 3D surface and the decoding process. The basic unit of the pattern is a code-block that contains one central label and eight square-shaped primitives that provide two functions: code-block indexing and point-positions for triangulating. The square-shaped primitive has one notch in a different position to represent 8 digit numbers, which are easily to convert label to number for indexing code-block. One primitive also contributes five point-positions, centroid and four extreme, for triangulating and estimating 3D information. The design of code-block has eight 8-bit numbers allowing a higher error-tolerant and providing better resolution in 3D reconstruction. Experiment shows that the proposed pattern is suitable for indoor mapping and large scene scanning.

关键词： coded structured light primitives 3-D data acquisition computer vision

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Transmission losses in infrared anti-reflection coatings due to water absorption

Transmission losses in infrared anti-reflection coatings due...

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conference on current developments in lens design and optical engineering XII/Advances in Thin Film Coatings VII

作者： Panetta, C. J. Fuqua, P. D. Chu, C. -T. Barrie, J. D. The Aerospace Corp. (United States)

ISBN: (纸本)9780819487384

Infrared optical systems require a range of exotic materials, many with large indices of refraction. The mismatch in the index between the optical element and the surrounding medium can result in reflection losses that approach 50%. Antireflection (AR) coatings are applied to these elements in order to minimize "ghost" reflections and improve the optical transmission through a system. The coatings are designed to be highly transparent;however, significant infrared absorption has been observed in some AR coatings. Likely candidates for the loss mechanism are water trapped into the optical coatings during deposition and water being incorporated into coating voids or grain boundaries during exposure to ambient humidity. Five different AR coatings have been procured from four manufacturers to study the cause of the observed losses. Upon receipt of the coated samples, infrared transmission measurements were made which showed the presence of incorporated water/hydroxyl, as evidenced by reduced transmission around 2.9 mu m. Four of the five sample types placed in laboratory air for two months continued to absorb water, whereas those placed in flowing dry nitrogen showed no change. Samples placed in a humid environment for one, three and ten days also showed additional water incorporation with the magnitude of the change in transmission on the order of that observed with the two-month air exposure.

关键词： infrared optical thin films anti-reflection coating water absorption humidity testing

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Simulation Benchmarking

Simulation Benchmarking

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conference on optical Microlithography xvi

作者： Tyminski, JK Nakashima, T Kudo, T Slonaker, S Hirukawa, S Nikon Precis Inc Belmont CA 94002 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819448451

Photolithography simulation has become a common methodology used in engineering tasks such as critical level patterning analysis and process design, patterning tool qualification to meet the process control requirements, selection of the patterning tools capable of delivering requisite patterning performance, and projection lens tuning for optimum patterning performance. Such diverse use of simulation is motivated by the need to quantify the patterning tradeoffs, when the performance margins collapse around the fundamental process constraints. These complex analysis and design tasks relay on various photolithography simulators available as commercial or proprietary software. The diversity of the available simulators poses two issues: what is the role of numerical methodologies in modifying the simulation analysis otherwise limited by the image formation fundamentals, and to what extend the results obtained with different simulators are similar to each other. In this paper, we present the results of the comparison involving three simulators, two of them commercial. The comparison involved image formation simulations of the current generation of the critical IC designs. The comparison was a basis of a judgment on the portability of simulation analyses obtained by various photolithography simulation tools.

关键词： Picosecond phenomena optical lithography Binary data Computer simulations Cadmium Electroluminescence Image acquisition Phase shifts Photomasks Solids

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High-resolution UV relay lens for particle size distribution measurements using holography

High-resolution UV relay lens for particle size distribution...

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conference on current developments in lens design and optical engineering IX

作者： Malone, Robert M. Capelle, Gene A. Cox, Brian C. Frogget, Brent C. Grover, Mike Kaufman, Morris I. Pazuchanics, Peter Sorenson, Danny S. Stevens, Gerald D. Tibbitts, Aric Turley, William D. Natl Secur Technol LLC Los Alamos Operat 182 E Gate Dr Los Alamos NM 87544 USA Natl Secur Technol LLC Special Technol Lab Santa Barbara CA 93111 USA Los Alamos Natl Lab Los Alamos NM 87545 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9780819472809

Shock waves passing through a metal sample can produce ejecta particulates at a metal-vacuum interface. Holography records particle size distributions by using a high-power, short-pulse laser to freeze particle motion. The sizes of the ejecta particles are recorded using an in-line Fraunhofer holography technique. Because the holographic plate would be destroyed in an energetic environment, a high-resolution lens has been designed to relay the scattered and unscattered light to a safe environment where the interference fringes are recorded on film. These interference fringes allow particles to be reconstructed within a 12-mm-diameter, 5-mm-thick volume. To achieve resolution down to 0.5 mu m, both a high-resolution optical relay lens and ultraviolet laser (UV) light were implemented. The design and assembly of a nine-element lens that achieves > 2000 lp/mm resolution and operates at f/0.89 will be described. To set up this lens system, a doublet lens is temporarily attached that enables operation with 532-nm laser light and 1100 lp/mm resolution. Thus, the setup and alignment are performed with green light, but the dynamic recording is done with UV light. During setup, the 532-nm beam provides enough focus shift to accommodate the placement of a resolution target outside the ejecta volume;this resolution target does not interfere with the calibrated wires and pegs surrounding the ejecta volume. A television microscope archives images of resolution patterns that prove that the calibration wires, interference filter, holographic plate, and relay lenses are in their correct positions. Part of this lens is under vacuum, at the point where the laser illumination passes through a focus. Alignment and tolerancing of this high-resolution lens will be presented, and resolution variation through the 5-mm depth of field will be discussed.

关键词： UV optical relay holography submicron optical resolution ejecta particle size distribution

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Optimizing trefoil phase plates design for color wavefront coding 19

Optimizing trefoil phase plates design for color wavefront c...

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19th conference on current developments in lens design and optical engineering

作者： Olvera-Angeles, Miguel Padilla-Vivanco, Alfonso Ortega, Karina Sasian, Jose Schwiegerling, Jim Arines, Justo Acosta, Eva Univ Politecn Tulancingo Hidalgo 43629 Mexico Univ Arizona Coll Opt Sci Tucson AZ 85721 USA Univ Santiago de Compostela Fac Fis Santiago De Compostela 15782 Spain

ISBN: (数字)9781510620629

ISBN: (纸本)9781510620629

Wavefront coding refers to the use of a phase modulating element in conjunction with deconvolution to extend the depth of focus of an imaging system. The coding element is an asymmetrical phase plate shape, for most applications in the form of a trefoil or a cubic polynomial. Phase plates with trefoil shape generate not only the desired amount of trefoil aberration but also spherical aberration. It has been recently shown that a wavefront coding based optical system shows high tolerance to spherical aberration for monochromatic images;however, the depth of focus is considerably shortened for color images. In this work, we will show how to modify the shape of a phase plate in order to optimize its performance for color imaging. The design parameters of the phase plate are obtained by minimizing a merit function by means of genetic algorithms developed for this purpose. The evaluation of the optical characteristics of the phase plates for a feedback with the optimization algorithm is obtained by Zemax. Results will be illustrated by numerical simulations of color images.

关键词： Wavefront coding spherical aberration color imaging optimization genetic algorithms

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Contact lens design with slope-constrained Q-type aspheres for myopia correction 18

Contact lens design with slope-constrained Q-type aspheres f...

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conference on current developments in lens design and optical engineering xviII

作者： Peng, Wei-Jei Cheng, Yuan-Chieh Hsu, Wei-Yao Yu, Zong-Ru Ho, Cheng-Fang Abou-El-Hossein, Khaled Natl Appl Res Labs Instrument Technol Res Ctr Taiwan 20R&D Rd 6Hsinchu Sci Pk Hsinchu 300 Taiwan Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Univ Precis Engn Lab ZA-6031 Port Elizabeth South Africa

ISBN: (纸本)9781510612082;9781510612075

The design of the rigid contact lens (CL) with slope-constrained Q-type aspheres for myopia correction is presented in this paper. The spherical CL is the most common type for myopia correction, however the spherical aberration (SA) caused from the pupil dilation in dark leads to the degradation of visual acuity which cannot be corrected by spherical surface. The spherical and aspheric CLs are designed respectively based on Liou's schematic eye model, and the criterion is the modulation transfer function (MTF) at the frequency of 100 line pair per mm, which corresponds to the normal vision of one arc-minute. After optimization, the MTF of the aspheric design is superior to that of the spherical design, because the aspheric surface corrects the SA for improving the visual acuity in dark. For avoiding the scratch caused from the contact profilometer, the aspheric surface is designed to match the measurability of the interferometer. The Q-type aspheric surface is employed to constrain the root-mean-square (rms) slope of the departure from a best-fit sphere directly, because the fringe density is limited by the interferometer. The maximum sag departure from a best-fit sphere is also controlled according to the measurability of the aspheric stitching interferometer (ASI). The inflection point is removed during optimization for measurability and appearance. In this study, the aspheric CL is successfully designed with Q-type aspheres for the measurability of the interferometer. It not only corrects the myopia but also eliminates the SA for improving the visual acuity in dark based on the schematic eye model.

关键词： aspheric contact lens Q-type aspheres myopia spherical aberration schematic eye model visual acuity best-fit sphere

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Inclusion of energetic features in wavefront descriptions

Inclusion of energetic features in wavefront descriptions

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conference on current developments in lens design and optical Systems engineering

作者： Pizarro, C Arasa, J Royo, S Tomàs, N UPC Tech Univ Catalunya Ctr Dev Sensors Instrumentat & Syst CD6 E-08222 Terrassa Spain

ISBN: (纸本)0819437387

Different wavefront description possibilities are today available to the optical designer, usually in the form of polynomial fitting (Seidel, Zernike, monomials...). This kind of representations have the general drawback of being based merely in the geometrical shape of the wavefront considered, calculated as a distribution of optical path differences, without taking into account the energetic distribution present in the wavefront. As a consequence, optimization of optical systems is carried on based only on geometrical criterions, while applications tend to rely more on energetic properties of the wavefront (detection on CCD arrays or photodiodes, image formation, etc). In this paper we are proposing a new type of wavefront descriptor which includes its energetic distribution. The description is based on classical ray tracing procedures, in such a way that in each surface normal to the axis of the optical system, information on the position (z,y) and director cosines (w,v) of the ray are known, together with the energy flux assigned to each ray (F). This allows obtaining the energetic distribution in any plane in the optical system together with the classical wavefront description based in OPD calculations, allowing to obtain complementary wavefront information. This complementary wavefront description has been applied to some simple optical systems (a large diameter cemented achromatic doublet, and a Cooke's triplet) showing how even in these very simple case the differences in the energetic distribution and the geometrical shape at the exit pupil plane are relevant. Such a fact is demonstrated by least-squares fitting of the surfaces to a monomial representation, allowing the determination of the different primary aberration coefficients. Finally, differences in the geometrical PSF and the energetic distribution calculated are plotted to show they may achieve maximum deviations of up to 11% of the PSF value for the doublet, and 25% for the triplet. In addition, t

关键词： optical design wavefront descriptor optimization radiometry

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Fielding of an imaging VISAR diagnostic at the National Ignition Facility (NIF)

Fielding of an imaging VISAR diagnostic at the National Igni...

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conference on current developments in lens design and optical engineering V

作者： Malone, RM Bower, JR Capelle, GA Celeste, JR Celliers, PM Frogget, BC Guyton, RL Kaufman, MI Lare, GA Lee, TL MacGowan, BJ Montelongo, S Ng, EW Thomas, TL Tunnell, TW Watts, PW Bechtel Nevada Los Alamos NM 87544 USA Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab Livermore CA 94551 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819454613

The National Ignition Facility (NIF) requires diagnostics to analyze high-energy density physics experiments. As a core NIF early light diagnostic, this system measures shock velocities, shock breakout times, and shock emission of targets with sizes from I to 5 mm. A 659.5 nm VISAR probe laser illuminates the target. An 8-inch-diameter fused silica triplet lens collects light at f/3 inside the 33-foot-diameter vacuum chamber. The optical relay sends the image out an equatorial port, through a 2-inch-thick vacuum window, and into two VISAR (Velocity Interferometer System for Any Reflector) interferometers. Both streak cameras and CCD cameras record the images. Total track is 75 feet. The front end of the optical relay can be temporarily removed from the equatorial port, allowing for other experimenters to use that port. The first triplet can be no closer than 500 mm from the target chamber center and is protected from debris by a blast window that is replaced after every event. Along with special coatings on the mirrors, cutoff filters reject the NIF drive laser wavelengths and pass a band of wavelengths for VISAR, for passive shock breakout light, or for thermal imaging light (bypassing the interferometers). Finite Element Analysis was performed on all mounting structures. All optical lenses are on kinematic mounts, so that the pointing accuracy of the optical axis can be checked. A two-color laser alignment scheme is discussed.

关键词： VISAR optical relay interferometer National Ignition Facility (NIF) streak camera

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Research on chromatic properties of high order kinoform 15

Research on chromatic properties of high order kinoform

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conference on current developments in lens design and optical engineering XV

作者： Wegrzynska, K. Rachon, M. Doch, M. Siemion, A. Suszek, J. Kolodziejczyk, A. Sypek, M. Warsaw Univ Technol Fac Phys PL-00662 Warsaw Poland

ISBN: (纸本)9781628412192

This work is dedicated to the evaluation of the chromatic properties of high order kinoforms. Typical kinoform (of the first order) is a phase only structure having the phase retardation varying in the range 0-2 pi. Such structures are very commonly used in many practical applications for different ranges of electromagnetic radiation like ultraviolet, visible, infrared, terahertz and millimeter waves. Besides those benefits such structures have one crucial disadvantage - they suffer from big chromatic aberration. This limits their practical application only to the narrowband work, where main wavelength must be well defined (Delta lambda/lambda<<1). This paper presents other type of diffractive structures called high order kinoforms (HOK). They exhibit phase retardation of n2 pi, where n is an integer number much bigger than 1. Due to this fact they are relatively thin and therefore can be manufactured using laser lithography in thick photoresist (deeply etched). On the other hand they are thick enough to suppress chromatic aberrations. In comparison to the well-known Fresnel lens, the high order kinoform structure has precisely controlled phase retardation between different zones. In the case of the Fresnel lens (known from xviII/XIX century), phase retardations between different zones are random (designing process is based on the geometrical optics). In the case of the high order kinoform working as the spherical lens - taking into account the real size of the detector - it can be shown that the most of the energy being focused in the focal spot will be registered by the detector for different wavelengths. The paper presents simple theoretical considerations, numerical modeling and their experimental evaluation.

关键词： diffractive optics kinoform higher order kinoform chromatic aberration optical elements

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