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检索条件"任意字段=Conference on Current Developments in Lens Design and Optical Systems Engineering"

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design of a thermal imaging diagnostic using 90-degree, off-axis parabolic mirrors

Design of a thermal imaging diagnostic using 90-degree, off-...

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conference on current developments in lens design and optical engineering VII

作者： Malone, Robert M. Becker, Steven A. Dolan, Daniel H. Hacking, Richard G. Hickman, Randy J. Kaufman, Morris I. Stevens, Gerald D. Turley, William D. NSTec Los Alamos Operat 182 East Gate Dr Los Alamos NM 87544 USA NSTec North Las Vegas Operat Las Vegas NV 89193 USA Sandia Natl Labs Albuquerque NM 87185 USA NSTec Special Technol Lab Santa Barbara CA 93111 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819463671

Thermal imaging is an important, though challenging, diagnostic for shockwave experiments. Shock-compressed materials undergo transient temperature changes that cannot be recorded with standard (greater than ins response time) infrared detectors. A farther complication arises when optical elements near the experiment are destroyed. We have designed a thermal-imaging system for studying shock temperatures produced inside a gas gun at Sandia National Laboratories. Inexpensive, diamond-turned, parabolic mirrors relay an image of the shocked target to the exterior of the gas gun chamber through a sapphire vacuum port. The 3000-5000-nm portion of this image is directed to an infrared camera which acquires a snapshot of the target with a minimum exposure time of 150 us. A special mask is inserted at the last intermediate image plane, to provide dynamic thermal background recording during the event. Other wavelength bands of this image are split into high-speed detectors operating at 900-1700 nm and at 1700-3000 nm, for time-resolved pyrometry measurements. This system incorporates 90-degree, off-axis parabolic mirrors, which can collect low f/# light over a broad spectral range, for high-speed imaging. Matched mirror pairs must be used so that aberrations cancel. To eliminate image plane tilt, proper tip-to-tip orientation of the parabolic mirrors is required. If one parabolic mirror is rotated 180 degrees about the optical axis connecting the pair of parabolic mirrors, the resulting image is tilted by 60 degrees. Different focal-length mirrors cannot be used to magnify the image without substantially sacrificing image quality. This paper analyzes performance and aberrations of this imaging diagnostic.

关键词： mid-IR imaging off-axis parabolic mirrors gas gun imaging IR camera pyrometry

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Roles of Bioelectronics for Quality of Life

Roles of Bioelectronics for Quality of Life

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European conference on Solid-State Circuits (ESSCIRC)

作者： H. Schmidt A. Shakouri M. Isaacson S. M. Kang Baskin School of Engineering University of California Santa Cruz Santa Cruz CA USA

Bioelectronics is an important technology in enhancing the quality of life, especially for those who are suffering from physiological difficulties. Novel biomimetic microelectronic systems will enable treatment of some of presently incurable human handicaps such as hearing loss, blindness (retinal prosthesis), paralysis (neuron-muscular prosthesis), and memory loss (cortical prosthesis). With advancement of bionanotechnology and quantitative medical research, the potential application of biomimetic systems is highly promising. In this paper we review the current status of biomimetic microelectronic systems and challenging issues in basic interface between electrodes and neuronal network, laboratory on a chip (LoC), and generation of power for implantable devices. For laboratory-on-a-chip (LoC), we examine a new way of detecting and sensing molecules on a chip with single molecule/particle sensitivity by fusing integrated optics with microfluidics, based on integrated hollow-core antiresonant reflecting optical waveguides (ARROW) waveguides. With multilayer dielectric confinement, the light is guided through hollow channels with cross sections of a few microns squared. We have demonstrated efficient light guiding in liquid-core ARROWs, single-molecule fluorescence sensitivity in fully planar beam geometry, surface-enhanced Raman scattering, fluorescence from live ribosomes in buffer solution, and electrical fluorescence control by applying a voltage between fluidic reservoirs connected to the waveguide channels. For electrical power sourcing of implantable biomimetic devices and systems, we illustrate the potential of the diffusion potential differences established between two half-cells of electrolyte solutions of different concentrations to generate directly an electric current. This concentration cell operates solely on a salt concentration gradient. The future advancement of biomimetic systems design will critically depend on computer aids as in VLSI developments

关键词： Biomimetics Prosthetics optical waveguides Fluorescence Laboratories Lab-on-a-chip Power generation Integrated optics optical buffering optical waveguide components

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Automated synthesis of both the topology and numerical parameters for seven patented optical lens systems using genetic programming

Automated synthesis of both the topology and numerical param...

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current developments in lens design and optical engineering VI

作者： Jones, Lee W. Al-Sakran, Sameer H. Koza, John R. Genetic Programming Inc. Mountain View CA 94041 United States Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 United States

This paper describes how genetic programming was used as an automated invention machine to synthesize both the topology and numerical parameters for seven previously patented optical lens systems, including one aspherical system and one issued in the 21st-century. Two of the evolved optical lens systems infringe the claims of the patents and the others are novel solutions that satisfy the design goals stated in the patent. The automatic synthesis was done "from scratch" - that is, without starting from a pre-existing good design and without pre-specifying the number of lenses, the topological layout of the lenses, or the numerical parameters of the lenses. Genetic programming is a form of evolutionary computation used to automatically solve problems. It starts from a high-level statement of what needs to be done and progressively breeds a population of candidate individuals over many generations using the principle of Darwinian natural selection and genetic recombination. The paper describes how genetic programming created eyepieces that duplicated the functionality of seven previously patented lens systems. The seven designs were created in a substantially similar and routine way, suggesting that the use of genetic programming in the automated design of both the topology and numerical parameters for optical lens systems may have widespread utility.

关键词： optical instrument lenses

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A look back at 50 years of lens designs from the Tropel attic: Do improvements in computer optimization overcome the current restrictions of available glass materials?

A look back at 50 years of lens designs from the Tropel atti...

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current developments in lens design and optical engineering VI

作者： Cortesi, Rebecca Bentley, Julie L. Zavislan, James M. Institute of Optics University of Rochester Rochester NY United States Corning Tropel 60 O'Conner Road Fairport NY 14450 United States

A historical collection of Corning Tropel optical systems was analyzed with the primary goal of organizing and archiving the designs in a searchable computer database. The analysis of these systems was two-fold: the system data and documented design procedure were examined from both a technical as well as a historical viewpoint. Items of historical interest included letters and handwritten comments from various well-known designers, computer print outs from early lens design programs, and aberration plots and pictures of the system drawn painstakingly by hand. The technical analysis involved entering the system data into a modern day computer analysis package (CODE V) and comparing the performance (in the form of MTFs, field and distortion curves, etc.) with the original performance claimed by each system. One of the most significant findings was the ability to consistently replace obsolete glasses with current glasses, without sacrificing performance. In some cases, it was even possible to reoptimize the system and improve the performance.

关键词： optical design

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The network structure of the merit function space of EUV mirror systems

The network structure of the merit function space of EUV mir...

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current developments in lens design and optical engineering VI

作者： Marinescu, Oana Bociort, Florian Optics Research Group Delft University of Technology Lorentzweg 1 2628 CJ Delft Netherlands

The merit function space of mirror systems for EUV lithography is studied. Local minima situated in a multidimensional merit function space are connected via links that contain saddle points and form a network. In this work we present the first networks for EUV lithographic objectives and discuss how these networks change when control parameters, such as aperture and field are varied and constraints are used to limit the variation domain of the variables. A good solution in a network obtained with a limited number of variables has been locally optimized with all variables to meet practical requirements.

关键词： Mirrors

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Proceedings of SPIE: current developments in lens design and optical engineering VI

Proceedings of SPIE: Current Developments in Lens Design and...

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current developments in lens design and optical engineering VI

The proceedings contain 27 papers. The topics discussed include: using multi-function components to solve optical design challenges for DUV microlithographic applications;automated synthesis of both the topology and numerical parameters for seven patented optical lens systems using genetic programming;advances in lenticular lens arrays for visual display;wide field-of-view imaging system using a liquid crystal spatial light modulator;design tools for freeform optics;designing and specifying aspheres for manufacturability;infrared hybrid optics with high broadband efficiency;removing challenges in microlithographic optical design;laser beam filtering by refractive or diffractive microstructures;and a hybrid athermal CCD camera.

关键词： optical design

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designing and specifying aspheres for manufacturability

Designing and specifying aspheres for manufacturability

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current developments in lens design and optical engineering VI

作者： Kumler, Jay Coastal Optical Systems Inc. 4480 South Tiffany Drive West Palm Beach FL 33407

New technologies for the fabrication of aspheres have increased opportunities for using aspheres in a wider range of optical systems. If manufacturability is considered early in the optical design process, the short and long term costs of the aspheric surface can be greatly reduced without sacrificing performance. The optical designer must learn how to select optimum materials for aspheres. Using non-staining glasses, higher index glass types, and softer glass types can help reduce production costs. If the optical designer understands what range of aspheric surfaces can be manufactured, they can constrain the aspheric surface during optimization. The steepness of the aspheric departure (the slope of the aspheric departure) often has a larger impact on manufacturing difficulty than the amplitude of the asphere or the steepness of the base radius. Tolerancing can increase the difficulty without measurably improving optical performance. Finally, the asphere can be designed for ease of metrology. Understanding the options that are available for aspheric metrology will allow the engineer to control tooling and fixturing that is required for testing.

关键词： Aspherics

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Using multi-function components to solve optical design challenges for DUV microlithographic applications

Using multi-function components to solve optical design chal...

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current developments in lens design and optical engineering VI

作者： Webb, James E. Corning Tropel Corporation 60 O'Connor Rd Fairport NY 14450 United States

Several small-field catadioptric optical designs have been developed over the last decade to meet the demanding needs from lithographers. design solutions that use a multi-function component can provide nearly perfect wavefront correction for optical systems with broad bandwidth sources, such as free running (un-narrowed) excimer lasers operating at wavelengths below 300 nm, with limited choices of optical materials with high transmission at these wavelengths. From these catadioptric design forms, variations have been developed to accommodate changes in wavelength, increases in the numerical aperture and conversion of the imaging medium from nitrogen to ultra-high purity water and other high index fluids for immersion lithography applications. Some designs also address the need for increased working distance. This paper will discuss the use of multi-function components, the evolution of several design forms, the optical materials required, their benefits for specific applications, and the challenges they have created.

关键词： optical communication

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Aspheric glass lens modeling and machining

Aspheric glass lens modeling and machining

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current developments in lens design and optical engineering VI

作者： Barry Johnson, R. Mandina, Michael SPIE CyberAir Development Corporation 3077-K Leeman Ferry Rd. Huntsville AL 35801 United States Optimax Systems Inc. 6367 Dean Parkway Ontario NY 14519 United States

The incorporation of aspheric lenses in complex lens system can provide significant image quality improvement, reduction of the number of lens elements, smaller size, and lower weight. Recently, it has become practical to manufacture aspheric glass lenses using diamond-grinding methods. The evolution of the manufacturing technology is discussed for a specific aspheric glass lens. When a prototype all-glass lens system (80 mm efl, F/2.5) was fabricated and tested, it was observed that the image quality was significantly less than was predicted by the optical design software. The cause of the degradation was identified as the large aspheric element in the lens. Identification was possible by precision mapping of the spatial coordinates of the lens surface and then transforming this data into an appropriate optical surface defined by derived grid sag data. The resulting optical analysis yielded a modeled image consistent with that observed when testing the prototype lens system in the laboratory. This insight into a localized slope-error problem allowed improvements in the fabrication process to be implemented. The second fabrication attempt, the resulting aspheric lens provided remarkable improvement in the observed image quality, although still falling somewhat short of the desired image quality goal. In parallel with the fabrication enhancement effort, optical modeling of the surface was undertaken to determine how much surface error and error types were allowable to achieve the desired image quality goal. With this knowledge, final improvements were made to the fabrication process. The third prototype lens achieved the goal of optical performance. Rapid development of the aspheric glass lens was made possible by the interactive relationship between the optical designer, diamond-grinding personnel, and the metrology personnel. With rare exceptions, the subsequent production lenses were optical acceptable and afforded reasonable manufacturing costs.

关键词： optical instrument lenses

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New designs of corrected Dall-Kirkham-type telescopes

New designs of corrected Dall-Kirkham-type telescopes

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current developments in lens design and optical engineering VI

作者： Beach, David Rakich, Andrew KiwiStar Optics Industrial Research Limited POB 2225 Auckland New Zealand Applied Physics Ltd. 50 Birchs Rd Prebbleton Christchurch 8153 New Zealand EOS Space Systems Pty Ltd 111 Canberra Ave Griffith 2603 Australia

Improvement in the fabrication of large solid-state focal plane array photonic sensors has emphasized the need for telescopes with flat and wide angular fields of high resolution and with large spectral passbands. To increase the angular field of Cassegrain-like telescopes, various designs of correctors have been incorporated in the optical train. This paper compares specific designs based on the Dall-Kirkham format of prolate ellipsoid primary and spherical secondary mirrors, in which excellent correction is achieved over a significant field angle. The attraction of the Dall-Kirkham format is the relative ease of fabrication to a very high accuracy by simple null tests of the concave prolate-ellipsoid primary by specific separation of light source and knife-edge, and of the convex secondary by interference-matching with a previously null-tested concave spherical master. Null tests of the more common Ritchie-Chrétien design require the additional fabrication of two "Hindle spheres" or other auxiliary optics such as holograms for testing of the hyperboloidal primary and for the hyperboloidal secondary. If the Dall-Kirkham format is modified to include variants in which the "Cassegrain" image is imperfect or even afocal, it is possible to design simple corrector relays with exceptional final imaging characteristics. Examples are presented that provide distortionless, diffraction-limited, flat-field imaging over usefully wide fields and large passbands at speeds of f/5 - f/4, and having an unusually compact layout.

关键词： optical telescopes

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